当定义一个Spring的<bean>,必须声明bean 作用域的选项。例如,要强制Spring需要产生一个新的bean实例,应该声明bean的scope属性为prototype。如果你希望Spring 每次都返回同一个bean实例,应该声明bean的作用域,方式类似属性是单例。
Spring框架支持以下五个作用域,其中三个只有当您使用Web感知的 ApplicationContext 可用。
范围 | 描述 |
---|---|
singleton | This scopes the bean definition to a single instance per Spring IoC container (default). |
prototype | This scopes a single bean definition to have any number of object instances. |
request | This scopes a bean definition to an HTTP request. Only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext. |
session | This scopes a bean definition to an HTTP session. Only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext. |
global-session | This scopes a bean definition to a global HTTP session. Only valid in the context of a web-aware Spring ApplicationContext. |
本章将讨论前两个范围和其余三将讨论的时候,我们将讨论有关Web感知Spring的ApplicationContext。
如果范围设置为单例,Spring IoC容器创建了一个由该bean定义的对象只有一个实例。这个单一实例存储在这样的单例bean的高速缓存,以及所有后续请求和引用针对该bean返回缓存对象。
默认范围是始终单例,但是当你需要bean的一个实例,可以设置的范围属性单例在bean配置文件中,如下图所示:
<!-- A bean definition with singleton scope --> <bean id="..." class="..." scope="singleton"> <!-- collaborators and configuration for this bean go here --> </bean>
让我们使用Eclipse IDE,然后按照下面的步骤来创建一个Spring应用程序:
步骤 | 描述 |
---|---|
1 | Create a project with a name SpringExample and create a package com.yiibai under the src folder in the created project. |
2 | Add required Spring libraries using Add External JARs option as explained in the Spring Hello World Example chapter. |
3 | Create Java classes HelloWorld and MainApp under the com.yiibai package. |
4 | Create Beans configuration file Beans.xml under the src folder. |
5 | The final step is to create the content of all the Java files and Bean Configuration file and run the application as explained below. |
这里是HelloWorld.java 文件的内容:
package com.yiibai; public class HelloWorld { private String message; public void setMessage(String message){ this.message = message; } public void getMessage(){ System.out.println("Your Message : " + message); } }
以下是MainApp.java文件的内容:
package com.yiibai; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; public class MainApp { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml"); HelloWorld objA = (HelloWorld) context.getBean("helloWorld"); objA.setMessage("I'm object A"); objA.getMessage(); HelloWorld objB = (HelloWorld) context.getBean("helloWorld"); objB.getMessage(); } }
以下是需要singleton作用域配置文件beans.xml文件:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"> <bean id="helloWorld" class="com.yiibai.HelloWorld" scope="singleton"> </bean> </beans>
一旦创建源代码和bean配置文件来完成,运行应用程序。如果一切顺利,这将打印以下信息:
Your Message : I'm object A Your Message : I'm object A
如果范围设置为原型,那么Spring IoC容器创建对象的新的bean实例为每个特定的bean发出请求时的时间。作为一项规则,使用prototype作用域为所有状态的bean类和singleton作用域为无状态的bean。
要定义一个原型作用域,可以设置的范围属性为原型的bean配置文件中,如下图所示:
<!-- A bean definition with singleton scope --> <bean id="..." class="..." scope="prototype"> <!-- collaborators and configuration for this bean go here --> </bean>
让我们在地方工作的Eclipse IDE,然后按照下面的步骤来创建一个Spring应用程序:
步骤 | 描述 |
---|---|
1 | Create a project with a name SpringExample and create a package com.yiibai under the src folder in the created project. |
2 | Add required Spring libraries using Add External JARs option as explained in the Spring Hello World Example chapter. |
3 | Create Java classes HelloWorld and MainApp under the com.yiibai package. |
4 | Create Beans configuration file Beans.xml under the src folder. |
5 | The final step is to create the content of all the Java files and Bean Configuration file and run the application as explained below. |
这里是HelloWorld.java 文件的内容:
package com.yiibai; public class HelloWorld { private String message; public void setMessage(String message){ this.message = message; } public void getMessage(){ System.out.println("Your Message : " + message); } }
以下是MainApp.java文件的内容:
package com.yiibai; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.support.ClassPathXmlApplicationContext; public class MainApp { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("Beans.xml"); HelloWorld objA = (HelloWorld) context.getBean("helloWorld"); objA.setMessage("I'm object A"); objA.getMessage(); HelloWorld objB = (HelloWorld) context.getBean("helloWorld"); objB.getMessage(); } }
以下是必需的原型作用域的配置文件beans.xml:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-3.0.xsd"> <bean id="helloWorld" class="com.yiibai.HelloWorld" scope="prototype"> </bean> </beans>
创建源代码和bean配置文件完成后,让我们运行应用程序。如果一切顺利,这将打印以下信息:
Your Message : I'm object A Your Message : null