SQL Server 触发器
触发器是一种特殊的存储过程,只有当试图用数据操作语言DML来修改数据时才会触发,DML包含对视图和表的增、删、改。
触发器分为DML触发器和DDL触发器,其中DML触发器会对数据表,视图进行insert、update、delete的时候触发。DDL则是create、alter、drop等时触发。
DML触发器又分为after(之后触发)和insert of(之前触发)触发器。
如果在创建触发器的时候不指定类型,则默认是after触发器。
触发器有两个虚拟的临时表:插入表(inserted)和删除表(deleted),由系统在内存中创建,不会保存到数据库。并且两张表都是只读的。当触发器完成工作后,这两张表会自动删除。
增加:inserted表 记录
删除:deleted表 记录
修改:inserted表记录修改前 deleted表记录修改后
修改数据时现删掉该记录,然后再增加一天新的记录。这样inserted和updated就都存在记录了。
触发器本身就是一个事务,可以利用事务的回滚,撤销操作。事务就是要么都执行,要么一条都不执行。
create trigger [shema_name . ] trg_name on { table | view } [ with encryption ] { for | after | instead of } { insert , update , delete } as sql_statement
if(object_id('tgr_test_insert','tr') is not null) drop trigger tgr_test_insert --删除触发器 go create trigger tgr_test_insert on student --创建在student表 for insert --insert触发 as declare @id int,@name varchar(20),@sex char(2),@age int --查询inserted表中已经插入的信息 select @id = id,@name = name,@sex = sex, @age = age from inserted --用查到的信息加入到会员表中 if(@age >30) --如果年龄不符合 则修改 begin update student set age = 30 where id = @id print '年龄太大,已自动修改为30' end insert into [user] (userName,passWord,RoleId) values (@name,@sex + cast(@age as varchar),3) print '添加学生成功!'; print '添加会员成功!'
对student表创建触发器后对该表执行insert后
insert into student (name,sex,age,mail) values ('海盗船长','男',88,'853020304@qq.com')
查看运行结果
if(object_id('tgr_student_update','tr') is not null) drop trigger tgr_student_update go create trigger tgr_student_update on student for update as declare @oldName varchar(10),@newName varchar(10) select @oldName = name from deleted; --查找更新前的数据 select @newName = name from inserted;--查找更新后的数据 if(@oldName = @newName) begin print '数据相同' rollback tran; --回滚 不执行修改操作 end else print '修改成功'
update student set name='海盗船长'
事务在触发器中结束。批处理已中止。
update student set name='粉红娘娘'
修改成功
if(object_id('tgr_student_delete','tr')is not null) drop trigger tgr_student_delete go create trigger tgr_student_delete on student for delete as if(exists(select * from sys.databases where name = 'studentBackup')) insert into studentBackup select name,sex,age,mail from deleted; else print '不存在,创建再插入' create table studentBackup ( name varchar(20), sex char(2), age int, mail varchar(20) ) insert into studentBackup select name,sex,age,mail from deleted;
delete from student select * from student select * from studentBackup
if(object_id('tgr_student_inteadof','tr') is not null) drop trigger tgr_student_inteadof go create trigger tgr_student_inteadof on student instead of delete -- update , insert as declare @id int,@name varchar(20) select @id = id,@name = name from deleted; --instead of 先触发 --先删除user表信息 delete from [user] where userName = @name; --再删除student表信息 delete from [student] where id = @id; delete from student where name = '海盗船长'
alter trigger tgr_test_insert on student for insert as print 'ok'
disable trigger tgr_test_insert on student
enable trigger tgr_test_insert on student
select * from sys.triggers