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接口是一系列可调用方法的集合。何为接口编程?接口编程是指当写一个函数或一个方法时,我们应该更加关注具体的接口,而不是实现类。具体理解可以参考这篇 文章
在OC中,接口又可以理解为Protocol,面向接口编程又可以理解为面向Protocol编程,或者面向协议编程。在Swift中,苹果大幅强化了 Protocol 在这门语言中的地位,整个 Swift 标准库也是基于 Protocol 来设计的,有兴趣的童鞋可以看看这篇 文章 。面向接口编程正逐步成为程序开发的主流思想
在实际开发中,大多数朋友都比较熟悉对象编程,比如,使用 ASIHttpRequest 执行网络请求
ASIHTTPRequest *request = [ASIHTTPRequest requestWithURL:url]; [request setDidFinishSelector:@selector(requestDone:)]; [request setDidFailSelector:@selector(requestWrong:)]; [request startAsynchronous];
ASIHTTPRequest *request = [ASIHTTPRequest requestWithURL:url]; [request setDidFinishSelector:@selector(requestDone:)]; [request setDidFailSelector:@selector(requestWrong:)]; [request startAsynchronous];
request是请求对象,当发起请求时,调用者需要知道给对象赋哪些属性或者调用对象哪些方法。然而,使用 AFNetworking 请求方式却不尽相同
AFHTTPRequestOperationManager *manager = [AFHTTPRequestOperationManager manager]; [manager GET:@"www.olinone.com" parameters:nil success:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, id responseObject) { NSLog(@"好网站,赞一个!"); } failure:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, NSError *error) { //to do }];
AFHTTPRequestOperationManager *manager = [AFHTTPRequestOperationManager manager]; [manager GET:@"www.olinone.com" parameters:nil success:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, id responseObject) { NSLog(@"好网站,赞一个!"); } failure:^(AFHTTPRequestOperation *operation, NSError *error) { //to do }];
同是请求对象,使用 AFNetworking 发起请求时,调用者可以不需要关心它有哪些属性,只有接口无法满足需求时才需要了解相关属性的定义。两种设计思路完全不同,当然,此处并不是想表明孰优孰劣,只是想通过两种截然不同的请求方式引出本文的思想——面向接口编程(或者面向协议编程)
在对象编程中,定义一个对象时,往往需要为其定义各种属性。比如, ReactiveCocoa 中RACSubscriber对象定义如下
@interface RACSubscriber () @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^next)(id value); @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^error)(NSError *error); @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^completed)(void); @end
@interface RACSubscriber () @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^next)(id value); @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^error)(NSError *error); @property (nonatomic, copy) void (^completed)(void); @end
参考 AFNetworking 的思想,以接口的形式提供访问入口
@interface RACSubscriber + (instancetype)subscriberWithNext:(void (^)(id x))next error:(void (^)(NSError *error))error completed:(void (^)(void))completed; @end
@interface RACSubscriber + (instancetype)subscriberWithNext:(void (^)(id x))next error:(void (^)(NSError *error))error completed:(void (^)(void))completed; @end
通过接口的定义,调用者可以忽略对象的属性,聚焦于其提供的接口和功能上。 程序猿在首次接触陌生的某个对象时,接口往往比属性更加直观明了 ,抽象接口往往比定义属性更能描述想做的事情
设计一个APIService对象
@interface ApiService : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong) NSURL *url; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *param; - (void)execNetRequest; @end
@interface ApiService : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong) NSURL *url; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *param; - (void)execNetRequest; @end
正常发起Service请求时,调用者需要直接依赖该对象,起不到解耦的目的。当业务变动需要重构该对象时,所有引用该对象的地方都需要改动。如何做到既能满足业务又能兼容变化?抽象接口也许是一个不错的选择,以接口依赖的方式取代对象依赖,改造代码如下
@protocol ApiServiceProtocol <NSObject> - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param; @end @interface NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) <ApiServiceProtocol> @end @implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { ApiService *apiSrevice = [ApiService new]; apiSrevice.url = url; apiSrevice.param = param; [apiSrevice execNetRequest]; } @end
@protocol ApiServiceProtocol <NSObject> - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param; @end @interface NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) <ApiServiceProtocol> @end @implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { ApiService *apiSrevice = [ApiService new]; apiSrevice.url = url; apiSrevice.param = param; [apiSrevice execNetRequest]; } @end
通过接口的定义,调用者可以不再关心ApiService对象,也无需了解其有哪些属性。即使需要重构替换新的对象,调用逻辑也不受任何影响。 调用接口往往比访问对象属性更加稳定可靠
定义ApiServiceProtocol可以隐藏ApiService对象,但是受限于ApiService对象的存在,业务需求发生变化时,仍然需要修改ApiService逻辑代码。如何实现在不修改已有ApiService业务代码的条件下满足新的业务需求?
参考Swift抽象协议的设计理念,可以使用Protocol抽象对象,毕竟调用者也不关心具体实现类。Protocol可以定义方法,可是属性的问题怎么解决?此时,装饰器模式也许正好可以解决该问题,让我们试着继续改造ApiService
@protocol ApiService <ApiServiceProtocol> // private functions @end @interface ApiServicePassthrough : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong) NSURL *url; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *param; - (instancetype)initWithApiService:(id<ApiService>)apiService; - (void)execNetRequest; @end
@protocol ApiService <ApiServiceProtocol> // private functions @end @interface ApiServicePassthrough : NSObject @property (nonatomic, strong) NSURL *url; @property (nonatomic, strong) NSDictionary *param; - (instancetype)initWithApiService:(id<ApiService>)apiService; - (void)execNetRequest; @end
@interface ApiServicePassthrough () @property (nonatomic, strong) id<ApiService> apiService; @end @implementation ApiServicePassthrough - (instancetype)initWithApiService:(id<ApiService>)apiService { if (self = [super init]) { self.apiService = apiService; } return self; } - (void)execNetRequest { [self.apiService requestNetWithUrl:self.url Param:self.param]; } @end
@interface ApiServicePassthrough () @property (nonatomic, strong) id<ApiService> apiService; @end @implementation ApiServicePassthrough - (instancetype)initWithApiService:(id<ApiService>)apiService { if (self = [super init]) { self.apiService = apiService; } return self; } - (void)execNetRequest { [self.apiService requestNetWithUrl:self.url Param:self.param]; } @end
经过Protocol的改造,ApiService对象化身为ApiService接口,其不再依赖于任何对象,做到了真正的接口依赖取代对象依赖,具有更强的业务兼容性
定义一个Get请求对象
@interface GetApiService : NSObject <ApiService> @end @implementation GetApiService - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { // to do } @end
@interface GetApiService : NSObject <ApiService> @end @implementation GetApiService - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { // to do } @end
请求代码也随之改变
@implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { id<ApiService> apiSrevice = [GetApiService new]; ApiServicePassthrough *apiServicePassthrough = [[ApiServicePassthrough alloc] initWithApiService:apiSrevice]; apiServicePassthrough.url = url; apiServicePassthrough.param = param; [apiServicePassthrough execNetRequest]; } @end
@implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { id<ApiService> apiSrevice = [GetApiService new]; ApiServicePassthrough *apiServicePassthrough = [[ApiServicePassthrough alloc] initWithApiService:apiSrevice]; apiServicePassthrough.url = url; apiServicePassthrough.param = param; [apiServicePassthrough execNetRequest]; } @end
对象可以继承对象,Protocol也可以继承Protocol,并且可以继承多个Protocol,Protocol具有更强的灵活性。某一天,业务需求变更需要用到新的Post请求时,可以不用修改 GetApiService一行代码,定义一个新的 PostApiService实现Post请求即可,避免了对象里面出现过多的if-else代码,也保证了代码的整洁性
文章写到这里,细心的童鞋可能已经发现问题——GetApiService依然是以对象依赖的形式存在。如何解决这个问题?没错,那就是依赖注入!
依赖注入是什么?借用 博客 里面的一句话, 其最大的特点就是:帮助我们开发出松散耦合、可维护、可测试的代码和程序。这条原则的做法是大家熟知的面向接口,或者说是面向抽象编程。 objc 上这篇 文章 介绍的不错, 有兴趣的童鞋也可以看看,在此就不再累述
基于依赖注入 objection 开源库的基础上继续改造ApiService
@implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { id<ApiService> apiSrevice = [[JSObjection createInjector] getObject:[GetApiService class]]; ApiServicePassthrough *apiServicePassthrough = [[ApiServicePassthrough alloc] initWithApiService:apiSrevice]; apiServicePassthrough.url = url; apiServicePassthrough.param = param; [apiServicePassthrough execNetRequest]; } @end
@implementation NSObject (ApiServiceProtocol) - (void)requestNetWithUrl:(NSURL *)url Param:(NSDictionary *)param { id<ApiService> apiSrevice = [[JSObjection createInjector] getObject:[GetApiService class]]; ApiServicePassthrough *apiServicePassthrough = [[ApiServicePassthrough alloc] initWithApiService:apiSrevice]; apiServicePassthrough.url = url; apiServicePassthrough.param = param; [apiServicePassthrough execNetRequest]; } @end
调用者关心请求接口,实现者关心需要实现的接口,各司其职,互不干涉
接口和实现分离的设计适用于团队协作开发,实现了系统的松散耦合,便于以后升级扩展。当然,接口编程对开发人员的要求也比较高,需要提前定义好接口,接口一变,全部乱套,这就是所谓的设计比实现难,但是设计接口的人工资都高啊!!!
后记:你可以在 github 找到我,也可以通过微博联系我,感谢你的来访!