注解对代码的语意没有直接影响, 他们只负责 提供信息给相关的程序使用 . 注解永远不会改变被注解代码的含义 , 但可以通过工具对被注解的代码进行特殊处理 .
注解 | 说明 |
@Override | 重写 |
@Deprecated | 已过时 |
@SuppressWarnings(value = "unchecked") | 压制编辑器警告 |
@SafeVarargs | 修饰”堆污染”警告 |
@FunctionalInterface | Java8特有的函数式接口 |
value
特权 value
成员变量指定值, 则使用注解时可以直接在该注解的括号中指定value值, 而无需使用 name=value
的形式. 如 @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
(SuppressWarnings的各种参数 @Override
注解: 如果在每个方法中使用 Override
注解来声明要覆盖父类声明, 编译器就可以替你防止大量的错误. 元 Annotation
用于修饰其他的Annotation定义.
元注解 | 释义 |
@Retention | 注解保留策略 |
@Target | 注解修饰目标 |
@Documented | 注解文档提取 |
@Inherited | 注解继承声明 |
@Retention
注解的保留策略 @Documented @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE) public @interface Retention { RetentionPolicy value(); }
value为 SOURCE
, CLASS
, RUNTIME
三值之一:
public enum RetentionPolicy { /** * Annotations are to be discarded by the compiler. */ SOURCE, /** * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler * but need not be retained by the VM at run time. This is the default * behavior. */ CLASS, /** * Annotations are to be recorded in the class file by the compiler and * retained by the VM at run time, so they may be read reflectively. * * @see java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement */ RUNTIME }
@Target
指定Annotation可以放置的位置(被修饰的目标) @Documented @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target(ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE) public @interface Target { ElementType[] value(); } public enum ElementType { /** Class, interface (including annotation type), or enum declaration */ TYPE, /** Field declaration (includes enum constants) */ FIELD, /** Method declaration */ METHOD, /** Parameter declaration */ PARAMETER, /** Constructor declaration */ CONSTRUCTOR, /** Local variable declaration */ LOCAL_VARIABLE, /** Annotation type declaration */ ANNOTATION_TYPE, /** Package declaration */ PACKAGE }
@Documented
指定被修饰的该Annotation可以被 javadoc 工具 提取成文档. @Inherited
指定被修饰的Annotation将具有继承性 @Xxx
注解(该 Annotation
使用了 @Inherited
修饰)修饰, 则其子类自动被 @Xxx
注解修饰. Annotation
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/22. */ @Inherited @Target({ElementType.ANNOTATION_TYPE, ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface Testable { } Client public class Client { @Test public void client(){ new SubClass(); } } @Testable class SupperClass{ } class SubClass extends SupperClass{ public SubClass() { for (Annotation annotation : SubClass.class.getAnnotations()){ System.out.println(annotation); } } }
Annotation
是否包含成员变量,可以把Annotation分为两类: Annotation
: 没有成员变量的Annotation; 这种Annotation仅利用 自身的存在与否来提供信息 ; Annotation
: 包含成员变量的Annotation; 它们可以接受(和提供)更多的元数据; @interface
关键字, 其定义过程与定义接口非常类似(见上面的 @Testable
), 需要注意的是:Annotation的成员变量在Annotation定义中是以 无参的方法 形式来声明的, 其 方法名
和 返回值类型
定义了该成员变量的 名字
和 类型
, 而且我们还可以使用 default
关键字为这个成员变量设定默认值. @Inherited @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Target({ElementType.METHOD, ElementType.TYPE}) public @interface Tag { String name() default "该叫啥才好呢?"; String description() default "这家伙很懒, 啥也没留下..."; }
Annotation
这个接口, 因此自定义注解中包含了 Annotation
接口中所有的方法; public interface Annotation { /** * @return true if the specified object represents an annotation * that is logically equivalent to this one, otherwise false */ boolean equals(Object obj); /** * @return the hash code of this annotation */ int hashCode(); /** * @return a string representation of this annotation */ String toString(); /** * Returns the annotation type of this annotation. */ Class<? extends Annotation> annotationType(); }
Annotation
修饰了 类 / 方法 / 成员变量 等之后,这些Annotation不会自己生效,必须由这些注解的开发者提供相应的工具来提取并处理Annotation信息(当然,只有当定义Annotation时使用了 @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
修饰,JVM才会在装载class文件时提取保存在class文件中的Annotation,该Annotation才会在运行时可见,这样我们才能够解析). Annotation
接口来代表程序元素前面的注解, 用 AnnotatedElement
接口代表程序中可以接受注解的程序元素.像 Class
Constructor
FieldMethod
Package
这些类都实现了 AnnotatedElement
接口. public final class Class<T> implements java.io.Serializable, java.lang.reflect.GenericDeclaration, java.lang.reflect.Type, java.lang.reflect.AnnotatedElement { ... } public interface AnnotatedElement { /** * Returns true if an annotation for the specified type * is present on this element, else false. This method * is designed primarily for convenient access to marker annotations. */ boolean isAnnotationPresent(Class<? extends Annotation> annotationClass); /** * Returns this element's annotation for the specified type if * such an annotation is present, else null. */ <T extends Annotation> T getAnnotation(Class<T> annotationClass); /** * Returns all annotations present on this element. */ Annotation[] getAnnotations(); /** * Returns all annotations that are directly present on this * element. Unlike the other methods in this interface, this method * ignores inherited annotations. (Returns an array of length zero if * no annotations are directly present on this element.) The caller of * this method is free to modify the returned array; it will have no * effect on the arrays returned to other callers. */ Annotation[] getDeclaredAnnotations(); }
这样, 我们只需要获取到 Class
Method
Filed
等这些实现了 AnnotatedElement
接口的类实例, 就可以获取到我们想要的注解信息了.
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/22. */ public class Client { @Test public void client() throws NoSuchMethodException { Annotation[] annotations = this.getClass().getMethod("client").getAnnotations(); for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { System.out.println(annotation.annotationType().getName()); } } }
如果需要获取某个注解中的元数据,则需要 强转 成所需的注解类型,然后通过注解对象的抽象方法来访问这些元数据:
@Tag(name = "client") public class Client { @Test public void client() throws NoSuchMethodException { Annotation[] annotations = this.getClass().getAnnotations(); for (Annotation annotation : annotations) { if (annotation instanceof Tag) { Tag tag = (Tag) annotation; System.out.println("name: " + tag.name()); System.out.println("description: " + tag.description()); } } } }
我们用 @Testable
标记哪些方法是可测试的, 只有被 @Testable
修饰的方法才可以被执行.
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ @Inherited @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface Testable { }
如下定义 TestCase
测试用例定义了6个方法, 其中有4个被 @Testable
修饰了:
public class TestCase { @Testable public void test1() { System.out.println("test1"); } public void test2() throws IOException { System.out.println("test2"); throw new IOException("我test2出错啦..."); } @Testable public void test3() { System.out.println("test3"); throw new RuntimeException("我test3出错啦..."); } public void test4() { System.out.println("test4"); } @Testable public void test5() { System.out.println("test5"); } @Testable public void test6() { System.out.println("test6"); } }
为了让程序中的这些注解起作用, 必须为这些注解提供一个注解处理工具.
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ public class TestableProcessor { public static void process(String clazz) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException { int passed = 0; int failed = 0; Object obj = Class.forName(clazz).newInstance(); for (Method method : Class.forName(clazz).getMethods()) { if (method.isAnnotationPresent(Testable.class)) { try { method.invoke(obj); ++passed; } catch (IllegalAccessException | InvocationTargetException e) { System.out.println("method " + method.getName() + " execute error: < " + e.getCause() + " >"); e.printStackTrace(System.out); ++failed; } } } System.out.println("共运行" + (failed + passed) + "个方法, 成功" + passed + "个, 失败" + failed + "个"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws ClassNotFoundException, InstantiationException, IllegalAccessException { TestableProcessor.process("com.feiqing.annotation.TestCase"); } }
前面介绍的只是一个 标记
Annotation
,程序通过判断Annotation是否存在来决定是否运行指定方法,现在我们要针对只在 抛出特殊异常时才成功
添加支持,这样就用到了 具有成员变量的注解 了:
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/28. */ @Inherited @Target(ElementType.METHOD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface TestableException { Class<? extends Throwable>[] value(); }
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ public class TestCase { public void test1() { System.out.println("test1"); } @TestableException(ArithmeticException.class) public void test2() throws IOException { int i = 1 / 0; System.out.println(i); } @TestableException(ArithmeticException.class) public void test3() { System.out.println("test3"); throw new RuntimeException("我test3出错啦..."); } public void test4() { System.out.println("test4"); } @TestableException({ArithmeticException.class, IOException.class}) public void test5() throws FileNotFoundException { FileInputStream stream = new FileInputStream("xxxx"); } @Testable public void test6() { System.out.println("test6"); } }
public class TestableExceptionProcessor { public static void process(String clazz) throws ClassNotFoundException, IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException { int passed = 0; int failed = 0; Object obj = Class.forName(clazz).newInstance(); for (Method method : Class.forName(clazz).getMethods()) { if (method.isAnnotationPresent(TestableException.class)) { try { method.invoke(obj, null); // 没有抛出异常(失败) ++failed; } catch (InvocationTargetException e) { // 获取异常的引发原因 Throwable cause = e.getCause(); int oldPassed = passed; for (Class excType : method.getAnnotation(TestableException.class).value()) { // 是我们期望的异常类型之一(成功) if (excType.isInstance(cause)) { ++passed; break; } } // 并不是我们期望的异常类型(失败) if (oldPassed == passed) { ++failed; System.out.printf("Test <%s> failed <%s> %n", method, e); } } } } System.out.println("共运行" + (failed + passed) + "个方法, 成功" + passed + "个, 失败" + failed + "个"); } public static void main(String[] args) throws IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException, ClassNotFoundException { process("com.feiqing.annotation.TestCase"); } }
下面通过使用Annotation简化 事件编程
, 在传统的代码中总是需要通过 addActionListener
方法来为事件源绑定事件监听器:
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ public class SwingPro { private JFrame mainWin = new JFrame("使用注解绑定事件监听器"); private JButton ok = new JButton("确定"); private JButton cancel = new JButton("取消"); public void init() { JPanel jp = new JPanel(); // 为两个按钮设置监听事件 ok.addActionListener(new OkListener()); cancel.addActionListener(new CancelListener()); jp.add(ok); jp.add(cancel); mainWin.add(jp); mainWin.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); mainWin.pack(); mainWin.setVisible(true); } public static void main(String[] args) { new SwingPro().init(); } } class OkListener implements ActionListener { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "你点击了确认按钮!"); } } class CancelListener implements ActionListener { @Override public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e) { JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "你点击了取消按钮!"); } }
下面我们该用注解绑定监听器:
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ @Inherited @Target(ElementType.FIELD) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface ActionListenerFor { Class<? extends ActionListener> listener(); }
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ public class ActionListenerInstaller { public static void install(Object targetObject) throws IllegalAccessException, InstantiationException { for (Field field : targetObject.getClass().getDeclaredFields()) { // 如果该成员变量被ActionListenerFor标记了 if (field.isAnnotationPresent(ActionListenerFor.class)) { // 设置访问权限 field.setAccessible(true); // 获取到成员变量的值 AbstractButton targetButton = (AbstractButton) field.get(targetObject); // 获取到注解中的Listener Class<? extends ActionListener> listener = field.getAnnotation(ActionListenerFor.class).listener(); // 添加到成员变量中 targetButton.addActionListener(listener.newInstance()); } } } }
public class SwingPro { private JFrame mainWin = new JFrame("使用注解绑定事件监听器"); /** * 使用注解设置Listener */ @ActionListenerFor(listener = OkListener.class) private JButton ok = new JButton("确定"); @ActionListenerFor(listener = CancelListener.class) private JButton cancel = new JButton("取消"); public SwingPro init() { JPanel jp = new JPanel(); // 使得注解生效 try { ActionListenerInstaller.install(this); } catch (IllegalAccessException | InstantiationException e) { e.printStackTrace(System.out); } jp.add(ok); jp.add(cancel); mainWin.add(jp); mainWin.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE); mainWin.pack(); mainWin.setVisible(true); return this; } //下同 }
在Java5到Java7这段时间里, 同一个程序元素前只能使用一个 相同类型的
Annotation
; 如果需要在同一个元素前使用多个相同的Annotation, 则必须使用 Annotation 容器 (在Java8中, 对这种情况做了改善, 但其实也只是一种写法上的简化, 其本质还是一样的).由于在实际开发中,Java8还未大面积的使用, 因此在此只介绍Java7中重复注解定义与使用.
/** * Created by jifang on 15/12/27. */ @Inherited @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface Table { String name() default "表名是啥?"; String description() default "这家伙很懒, 啥也没留下..."; }
@Inherited @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) public @interface Tables { Table[] value(); }
注意: 容器
注解的保留期必须比它所包含的注解的保留期更长, 否则JVM会丢弃 容器
, 相应的注解也就丢失了.
Client
使用时需要用Table容器来 盛装 Table
注解
@Tables({ @Table(name = "t_user", description = "用户表"), @Table(name = "t_feed", description = "动态表") }) public class Client { @Test public void client() { Tables tableArray = this.getClass().getAnnotation(Tables.class); Table[] tables = tableArray.value(); for (Table table : tables) { System.out.println(table.name() + " : " + table.description()); } } }
在Java8中, 可以直接使用
@Table(name = "t_user", description = "用户表") @Table(name = "t_feed", description = "动态表")
的形式来注解 Client
, 但 @Tables
还是需要开发者来写的, 由此可以看出, 重复注解只是一种简化写法, 这种写法只是一种假象: 多个重复注解其实会被作为 容器
注解的value成员.
参考 :
Effective Java
疯狂Java讲义
Java核心技术