java异常处理(Try Catch Finally)

一 前言

java异常处理大家都不陌生，总的来说有下面两点：

1.抛出异常:throw exception

class SimpleException{     public void a() throws Exception{         throw new Exception();     }; }

2.捕获异常：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException e = new MyException();         SimpleException se = new SimpleException();         try {             se.a();         } catch (Exception e1) {             e1.printStackTrace();         }     } }  class SimpleException{     public void a() throws Exception{         throw new Exception();     }; ｝ 

本文将在此基础上，更加深入的谈一些细节问题。

二 自定义异常类

java语言为我们提供了很多异常类，但是有时候我们为了写代码的方便还是要自定义的去创造异常类：

class SimpleException extends Exception {};

创建好之后我们可以使用try catch捕获它：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException e = new MyException();         try {             e.a();         } catch (SimpleException e1) {             e1.printStackTrace();         }     }          public void a() throws SimpleException{         throw new SimpleException();     } }  class SimpleException extends Exception {};

我们在MyException中定义了一个方法a()，让它抛出SimpleException异常，然后我们在main()中调用这个方法，并使用try catch捕获了这个异常：

SimpleException     at MyException.a(MyException.java:15)     at MyException.main(MyException.java:8)     at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)     at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)     at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606)     at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:144)  Process finished with exit code 0

 public void a() throws SimpleException

2.抛出多个异常：

    public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{         throw new SimpleException();              }

不同的异常类之间用逗号隔开即可，在这种情况下我们不必须throw每个异常类的实例（），但是客户端代码必须要catch到每个异常类：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException e = new MyException();         try {             e.a();         } catch (SimpleException e1) {             e1.printStackTrace();         } catch (BException e1) {             e1.printStackTrace();         } catch (AException e1) {             e1.printStackTrace();         }     }      public void a() throws SimpleException,AException,BException{         throw new SimpleException();              } }    class SimpleException extends Exception {}; class AException extends Exception{} class BException extends Exception{} 

三 stack trace

/**  * An element in a stack trace, as returned by {@link  * Throwable#getStackTrace()}.  Each element represents a single stack frame.  * All stack frames except for the one at the top of the stack represent  * a method invocation.  The frame at the top of the stack represents the  * execution point at which the stack trace was generated.  Typically,  * this is the point at which the throwable corresponding to the stack trace  * was created.  *  * @since  1.4  * @author Josh Bloch  */

讲的很清楚，这个类的每个实例都是stack trace的一个元素，代表着一个stack frame，stack trace是由getStackTrace()方法返回的。后边的我试着翻译了几遍，都觉得不好，还是直接上代码才能说清楚：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException e = new MyException();         e.a();      public void a(){         try {             throw new Exception();         } catch (Exception e) {             StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();             System.out.println(ste.length);          }     } }

我们定义了方法a，让它抛出Exception异常的同时捕获它，然后我们通过getStackTrace()方法得到一个StackTraceElement型的数组，并打印出数组的长度：

7  Process finished with exit code 0

我们把代码稍微改一下，不在a中捕获异常了，我们重新定义一个方法b，让它在调用a的同时将异常捕获：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException e = new MyException();         e.b();     }      public void b(){         try {             a();         } catch (Exception e) {             StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();             System.out.println(ste.length);         }     }      public void a() throws Exception{         throw new Exception();     } }

结果如下：

8  Process finished with exit code 0

别急，我们再来看点有趣的：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException exception = new MyException();         try {             exception.c();         } catch (Exception e) {             StackTraceElement[] ste = e.getStackTrace();             System.out.println(ste.length);             System.out.println("---------------------------------------------------------------");             for (StackTraceElement s : e.getStackTrace()){                 System.out.println(s.getClassName()+":method "+s.getMethodName()+" at line"+s.getLineNumber());             }             System.out.println("---------------------------------------------------------------");          }      }   public void c() throws Exception{         try {             a();         }catch (Exception e){             throw e;         }     }      public void a() throws Exception{         throw new Exception();     } }

下面是结果：

8 --------------------------------------------------------------- MyException:method a at line43 MyException:method c at line39 MyException:method main at line9 sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke0 at line-2 sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line57 sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl:method invoke at line43 java.lang.reflect.Method:method invoke at line606 com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain:method main at line144 ---------------------------------------------------------------  Process finished with exit code 0

也就是说，getStackTrace()返回一个栈，它包含从调用者(main())到初始抛出异常者(a())的一些基本信息 ,在上面的代码中，我们在c方法中调用a方法时捕获异常并通过throws将其再次抛出(rethrow)，调用c方法的方法可以捕获并处理异常，也可以选择继续抛出让更高层次的调用者（靠近栈底）处理。rethrow虽然很方便，但存在着一些问题，我们看下面这段代码：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException exception = new MyException();         try {             exception.c();         } catch (Exception e) {             e.printStackTrace(System.out);         }      }      public void c() throws Exception{         try {             a();         }catch (Exception e){             throw e;         }     }      public void a() throws Exception{          throw new Exception("Exception from a()");     } } 

java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()     at MyException.a(MyException.java:40)     at MyException.c(MyException.java:30)     at MyException.main(MyException.java:21)

我们在c中重新抛出e，在main中使用 e.printStackTrace()打印出来，可以看到打印出来stack trace还是属于a的，如果我们想把stack trace变成c的可以这么写：

public class MyException {     public static void main(String[] args){         MyException exception = new MyException();          try {             exception.c();         } catch (Exception e) {             e.printStackTrace(System.out);         }      }      public void c() throws Exception{         try {             a();         }catch (Exception e){ //            throw e;             throw (Exception)e.fillInStackTrace();         }     }      public void a() throws Exception{          throw new Exception("Exception from a()");     } }

java.lang.Exception: Exception from a()     at MyException.c(MyException.java:22)     at MyException.main(MyException.java:10)

四 异常链 Exception chaining

先来看一个场景：

public class TestException {     public static void main(String[] args){         TestException testException = new TestException();         try {             testException.c();         } catch (CException e) {             e.printStackTrace();         }     }      public void a() throws AException{         AException aException = new AException("this is a exception");         throw  aException;     }      public void b() throws BException{         try {             a();         } catch (AException e) {             throw new BException("this is b exception");         }     }      public void c() throws CException{         try {             b();         } catch (BException e) {             throw new CException("this is c exception");         }     } }  class AException extends Exception{     public AException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }  class BException extends Exception{     public BException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }  class CException extends Exception{     public CException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }

创建了三个异常类AException、BException、CException，然后在a()中抛出AException，在b()中捕获AException并抛出BException，最后在c()中捕获BException并抛出CException，结果打印如下：

CException: this is c exception     at TestException.c(TestException.java:31)     at TestException.main(TestException.java:8)

好，我们只看到了CException的信息，AException，BException的异常信息已丢失，这时候异常链的作用就出来了，看代码：

public class TestException {     public static void main(String[] args){         TestException testException = new TestException();         try {             testException.c();         } catch (CException e) {             e.printStackTrace();         }     }      public void a() throws AException{         AException aException = new AException("this is a exception");         throw  aException;     }      public void b() throws BException{         try {             a();         } catch (AException e) { //            throw new BException("this is b exception");             BException bException = new BException("this is b exception");             bException.initCause(e);             throw bException;         }     }      public void c() throws CException{         try {             b();         } catch (BException e) { //            throw new CException("this is c exception");             CException cException = new CException("this is c exception");             cException.initCause(e);             throw cException;         }     } }  class AException extends Exception{     public AException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }  class BException extends Exception{     public BException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }  class CException extends Exception{     public CException(String msg){         super(msg);     } }

我们用initCause()方法将异常信息给串联了起来，结果如下：

CException: this is c exception     at TestException.c(TestException.java:35)     at TestException.main(TestException.java:8)     at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)     at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57)     at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)     at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606)     at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:144) Caused by: BException: this is b exception     at TestException.b(TestException.java:24)     at TestException.c(TestException.java:32)     ... 6 more Caused by: AException: this is a exception     at TestException.a(TestException.java:15)     at TestException.b(TestException.java:21)     ... 7 more  Process finished with exit code 0

五 后记

其实关于java异常处理还有很多需要探讨的地方，但是由于我经验有限，还不能体会的太深刻，最常用的也就是

try {             ...         }catch (Exception e){            ...          }finally {           //不管异常会不会被捕捉或者处理都会执行的代码，如关闭IO操作          }

但是无论如何我们还是要感谢java给我们提供的异常机制，它好似一个长者，时不时给我们指引道路，也让我们在编码的时候没有那么无聊：）

我是小火Ari，很幸运你能看到我写的，我的邮箱aristark@126.com,微信：aristark，求联系求勾搭