转载

Twitter Snowflake算法详解

一、简介

Twitter Snowflake算法是用来在分布式场景下生成唯一ID的。举个栗子：我们有10台分布式MySql服务器，我们的系统每秒能生成10W条数据插入到这10台机器里，现在我们需要为每一条数据生成一个全局唯一的ID，并且这些 ID 有大致的顺序。

二、算法图解

如图：最后生成的ID是一个long类型，long占64bit，符号位占1位，剩下63位，我们将这63位拆分成4段，就可以表示：某一毫秒内的某一集群内的某一机器的第几个ID。有人会问：为什么时间戳要占41位？sequence要占12位？而其他两个要各占5位？答：这是根据具体需求来分的，你也可以自己再去将这63为重新拆分。例如：sequence占12位就可以在同一毫秒内的同一集群的同一机器上同时有2^12 - 1 个线程。

三、快快上码

public class IdWorker {

    protected static final Logger LOG = LoggerFactory.getLogger(IdWorker.class);

    private long workerId;
    private long datacenterId;
    private long sequence = 0L;

    private long twepoch = 1288834974657L;

    private long workerIdBits = 5L;
    private long datacenterIdBits = 5L;
    private long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);
    private long maxDatacenterId = -1L ^ (-1L << datacenterIdBits);
    private long sequenceBits = 12L;

    private long workerIdShift = sequenceBits;
    private long datacenterIdShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits;
    private long timestampLeftShift = sequenceBits + workerIdBits + datacenterIdBits;
    private long sequenceMask = -1L ^ (-1L << sequenceBits);

    private long lastTimestamp = -1L;

    public IdWorker(long workerId, long datacenterId) {
        // sanity check for workerId
        if (workerId > maxWorkerId || workerId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("worker Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxWorkerId));
        }
        if (datacenterId > maxDatacenterId || datacenterId < 0) {
            throw new IllegalArgumentException(String.format("datacenter Id can't be greater than %d or less than 0", maxDatacenterId));
        }
        this.workerId = workerId;
        this.datacenterId = datacenterId;
        LOG.info(String.format("worker starting. timestamp left shift %d, datacenter id bits %d, worker id bits %d, sequence bits %d, workerid %d", timestampLeftShift, datacenterIdBits, workerIdBits, sequenceBits, workerId));
    }

    public synchronized long nextId() {
        long timestamp = timeGen();

        if (timestamp < lastTimestamp) {
            LOG.error(String.format("clock is moving backwards.  Rejecting requests until %d.", lastTimestamp));
            throw new RuntimeException(String.format("Clock moved backwards.  Refusing to generate id for %d milliseconds", lastTimestamp - timestamp));
        }

        if (lastTimestamp == timestamp) {
            sequence = (sequence + 1) & sequenceMask;
            if (sequence == 0) {
                timestamp = tilNextMillis(lastTimestamp);
            }
        } else {
            sequence = 0L;
        }

        lastTimestamp = timestamp;

        return ((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift) | (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) | (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence;
    }

    protected long tilNextMillis(long lastTimestamp) {
        long timestamp = timeGen();
        while (timestamp <= lastTimestamp) {
            timestamp = timeGen();
        }
        return timestamp;
    }

    protected long timeGen() {
        return System.currentTimeMillis();
    }
}

四、Q&A

问题1：twepoch 为什么要等于1288834974657L 而不等于其他数？ 答： 1288834974657 是 (Thu, 04 Nov 2010 01:42:54 GMT) 这一时刻到1970-01-01 00:00:00时刻所经过的毫秒数。当前时刻减去1288834974657 的值刚好在2^41 里，因此占41位。 所以这个数是为了让时间戳占41位才特地算出来的。 问题2：类似这种long maxWorkerId = -1L ^ (-1L << workerIdBits);操作是什么意思？ 答： -1L ^ (-1L << n)表示占n个bit的数字的最大值是多少。举个栗子：-1L ^ (-1L << 2)等于10进制的3 ，即二进制的11表示十进制3。注意：计算机存放数字都是存放数字的补码，正数的原码、补码、反码都一样，负数的补码是其反码加一。符号位做取反操作时不变，做逻辑与、或、非、异或操作时要参与运算。再来个栗子： -1L原码 : 1000 0001 -1L反码 : 1111 1110 -1L补码 : 1111 1111 -1L<<5 : 1110 0000 1111 1111 ^ 1110 0000 : 0001 1111 0001 1111是正数，所以补码、反码、原码都一样，所以0001 1111是31 问题3：((timestamp - twepoch) << timestampLeftShift) | (datacenterId << datacenterIdShift) | (workerId << workerIdShift) | sequence是什么意思？ 答：我只发图不说话这里写图片描述