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Objc Runtime 学习笔记

Objc Runtime使得C具有了面向对象能力,在程序运行时创建,检查,修改类、对象和它们的方法。Runtime是C和汇编编写的,这里 http://www.opensource.apple.com/source/objc4/ 可以下到苹果维护的开源代码,GNU也有一个开源的runtime版本,他们都努力的保持一致。 苹果官方的Runtime编程指南

Runtime函数

Runtime系统是由一系列的函数和数据结构组成的公共接口动态共享库,在/usr/include/objc目录下可以看到头文件,可以用其中一些函数通过C语言实现Objective-C中一样的功能。苹果官方文档 https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Cocoa/Reference/ObjCRuntimeRef/index.html 里有详细的Runtime函数文档。

类与对象基础数据结构

objc/runtime.h中objc_class结构体的定义如下:

struct objc_class { Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY; //isa指针指向Meta Class,因为Objc的类的本身也是一个Object,为了处理这个关系,runtime就创造了Meta Class,当给类发送[NSObject alloc]这样消息时,实际上是把这个消息发给了Class Object  #if !__OBJC2__ Class super_class OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 父类 const char *name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 类名 long version OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 类的版本信息,默认为0 long info OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 类信息,供运行期使用的一些位标识 long instance_size OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 该类的实例变量大小 struct objc_ivar_list *ivars OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 该类的成员变量链表 struct objc_method_list **methodLists OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法定义的链表 struct objc_cache *cache OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法缓存,对象接到一个消息会根据isa指针查找消息对象,这时会在methodLists中遍历,如果cache了,常用的方法调用时就能够提高调用的效率。 struct objc_protocol_list *protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 协议链表 #endif  } OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;

objc_ivar_list和objc_method_list的定义

//objc_ivar_list结构体存储objc_ivar数组列表 struct objc_ivar_list {  int ivar_count OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #ifdef __LP64__  int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #endif  /* variable length structure */  struct objc_ivar ivar_list[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; } OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //objc_method_list结构体存储着objc_method的数组列表 struct objc_method_list {  struct objc_method_list *obsolete OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE;  int method_count OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #ifdef __LP64__  int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #endif  /* variable length structure */  struct objc_method method_list[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; } 

objc_object与id

objc_object是一个类的实例结构体,objc/objc.h中objc_object是一个类的实例结构体定义如下:

struct objc_object { Class isa OBJC_ISA_AVAILABILITY; };  typedef struct objc_object *id;

向object发送消息时,Runtime库会根据object的isa指针找到这个实例object所属于的类,然后在类的方法列表以及父类方法列表寻找对应的方法运行。id是一个objc_object结构类型的指针,这个类型的对象能够转换成任何一种对象。

objc_cache

objc_class结构体中的cache字段用于缓存调用过的method。cache指针指向objc_cache结构体,这个结构体的定义如下

struct objc_cache { unsigned int mask /* total = mask + 1 */ OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //指定分配缓存bucket的总数。runtime使用这个字段确定线性查找数组的索引位置 unsigned int occupied OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //实际占用缓存bucket总数 Method buckets[1] OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //指向Method数据结构指针的数组,这个数组的总数不能超过mask+1,但是指针是可能为空的,这就表示缓存bucket没有被占用,数组会随着时间增长。 };

Meta Class

meta class是一个类对象的类,当向对象发消息,runtime会在这个对象所属类方法列表中查找发送消息对应的方法,但当向类发送消息时,runtime就会在这个类的meta class方法列表里查找。所有的meta class,包括Root class,Superclass,Subclass的isa都指向Root class的meta class,这样能够形成一个闭环。

void TestMetaClass(id self, SEL _cmd) {  NSLog(@"This objcet is %p", self);  NSLog(@"Class is %@, super class is %@", [self class], [self superclass]);  Class currentClass = [self class];  //  for (int i = 0; i < 4; i++) {   NSLog(@"Following the isa pointer %d times gives %p", i, currentClass);   //通过objc_getClass获得对象isa,这样可以回溯到Root class及NSObject的meta class,可以看到最后指针指向的是0x0和NSObject的meta class类地址一样。   currentClass = objc_getClass((__bridge void *)currentClass);  }  NSLog(@"NSObject's class is %p", [NSObject class]);  NSLog(@"NSObject's meta class is %p", objc_getClass((__bridge void *)[NSObject class])); } #pragma mark - @implementation Test - (void)ex_registerClassPair {  Class newClass = objc_allocateClassPair([NSError class], "TestClass", 0);  class_addMethod(newClass, @selector(testMetaClass), (IMP)TestMetaClass, "v@:");  objc_registerClassPair(newClass);  id instance = [[newClass alloc] initWithDomain:@"some domain" code:0 userInfo:nil];  [instance performSelector:@selector(testMetaClass)]; } @end 

运行结果

2014-10-20 22:57:07.352 mountain[1303:41490] This objcet is 0x7a6e22b0 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Class is TestStringClass, super class is NSError 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 0 times gives 0x7a6e21b0 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 1 times gives 0x0 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 2 times gives 0x0 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] Following the isa pointer 3 times gives 0x0 2014-10-20 22:57:07.353 mountain[1303:41490] NSObject's class is 0xe10000 2014-10-20 22:57:07.354 mountain[1303:41490] NSObject's meta class is 0x0

类与对象操作函数

runtime有很多的函数可以操作类和对象。类相关的是class为前缀,对象相关操作是objc或object_为前缀。

类相关操作函数

// 获取类的类名 const char * class_getName ( Class cls );

super_class和meta-class

// 获取类的父类 Class class_getSuperclass ( Class cls );  // 判断给定的Class是否是一个meta class BOOL class_isMetaClass ( Class cls );

instance_size

// 获取实例大小 size_t class_getInstanceSize ( Class cls );

成员变量(ivars)及属性

//成员变量操作函数 // 获取类中指定名称实例成员变量的信息 Ivar class_getInstanceVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );  // 获取类成员变量的信息 Ivar class_getClassVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );  // 添加成员变量 BOOL class_addIvar ( Class cls, const char *name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char *types ); //这个只能够向在runtime时创建的类添加成员变量  // 获取整个成员变量列表 Ivar * class_copyIvarList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount ); //必须使用free()来释放这个数组  //属性操作函数 // 获取类中指定名称实例成员变量的信息 Ivar class_getInstanceVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );  // 获取类成员变量的信息 Ivar class_getClassVariable ( Class cls, const char *name );  // 添加成员变量 BOOL class_addIvar ( Class cls, const char *name, size_t size, uint8_t alignment, const char *types );  // 获取整个成员变量列表 Ivar * class_copyIvarList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

methodLists

// 添加方法 BOOL class_addMethod ( Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types ); //和成员变量不同的是可以为类动态添加方法。如果有同名会返回NO,修改的话需要使用method_setImplementation  // 获取实例方法 Method class_getInstanceMethod ( Class cls, SEL name );  // 获取类方法 Method class_getClassMethod ( Class cls, SEL name );  // 获取所有方法的数组 Method * class_copyMethodList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );  // 替代方法的实现 IMP class_replaceMethod ( Class cls, SEL name, IMP imp, const char *types );  // 返回方法的具体实现 IMP class_getMethodImplementation ( Class cls, SEL name ); IMP class_getMethodImplementation_stret ( Class cls, SEL name );  // 类实例是否响应指定的selector BOOL class_respondsToSelector ( Class cls, SEL sel );

objc_protocol_list

// 添加协议 BOOL class_addProtocol ( Class cls, Protocol *protocol );  // 返回类是否实现指定的协议 BOOL class_conformsToProtocol ( Class cls, Protocol *protocol );  // 返回类实现的协议列表 Protocol * class_copyProtocolList ( Class cls, unsigned int *outCount );

version

// 获取版本号 int class_getVersion ( Class cls );  // 设置版本号 void class_setVersion ( Class cls, int version );

通过实例来消化下上面的那些函数

//----------------------------------------------------------- // MyClass.h @interface MyClass : NSObject <NSCopying, NSCoding> @property (nonatomic, strong) NSArray *array; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString *string; - (void)method1; - (void)method2; + (void)classMethod1; @end //----------------------------------------------------------- // MyClass.m #import "MyClass.h" @interface MyClass () { NSInteger _instance1; NSString * _instance2; } @property (nonatomic, assign) NSUInteger integer; - (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2; @end @implementation MyClass + (void)classMethod1 { } - (void)method1 {      NSLog(@"call method method1"); } - (void)method2 { } - (void)method3WithArg1:(NSInteger)arg1 arg2:(NSString *)arg2 {      NSLog(@"arg1 : %ld, arg2 : %@", arg1, arg2); } @end //----------------------------------------------------------- // main.h #import "MyClass.h" #import "MySubClass.h" #import <objc/runtime.h> int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {      @autoreleasepool {  MyClass *myClass = [[MyClass alloc] init];  unsigned int outCount = 0;  Class cls = myClass.class;  // 类名  NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));      NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 父类  NSLog(@"super class name: %s", class_getName(class_getSuperclass(cls)));  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 是否是元类  NSLog(@"MyClass is %@ a meta-class", (class_isMetaClass(cls) ? @"" : @"not"));  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  Class meta_class = objc_getMetaClass(class_getName(cls));  NSLog(@"%s's meta-class is %s", class_getName(cls), class_getName(meta_class));  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 变量实例大小  NSLog(@"instance size: %zu", class_getInstanceSize(cls));  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 成员变量  Ivar *ivars = class_copyIvarList(cls, &outCount);  for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {       Ivar ivar = ivars[i];       NSLog(@"instance variable's name: %s at index: %d", ivar_getName(ivar), i);  }  free(ivars);  Ivar string = class_getInstanceVariable(cls, "_string");  if (string != NULL) {       NSLog(@"instace variable %s", ivar_getName(string));  }  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 属性操作  objc_property_t * properties = class_copyPropertyList(cls, &outCount);  for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {       objc_property_t property = properties[i];       NSLog(@"property's name: %s", property_getName(property));  }  free(properties);  objc_property_t array = class_getProperty(cls, "array");  if (array != NULL) {       NSLog(@"property %s", property_getName(array));  }  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 方法操作  Method *methods = class_copyMethodList(cls, &outCount);  for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {       Method method = methods[i];       NSLog(@"method's signature: %s", method_getName(method));  }  free(methods);  Method method1 = class_getInstanceMethod(cls, @selector(method1));  if (method1 != NULL) {       NSLog(@"method %s", method_getName(method1));  }  Method classMethod = class_getClassMethod(cls, @selector(classMethod1));  if (classMethod != NULL) {       NSLog(@"class method : %s", method_getName(classMethod));  }  NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2:", class_respondsToSelector(cls, @selector(method3WithArg1:arg2:)) ? @"" : @" not");  IMP imp = class_getMethodImplementation(cls, @selector(method1));  imp();  NSLog(@"==========================================================");  // 协议  Protocol * __unsafe_unretained * protocols = class_copyProtocolList(cls, &outCount);  Protocol * protocol;  for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {       protocol = protocols[i];       NSLog(@"protocol name: %s", protocol_getName(protocol));  }  NSLog(@"MyClass is%@ responsed to protocol %s", class_conformsToProtocol(cls, protocol) ? @"" : @" not", protocol_getName(protocol));  NSLog(@"==========================================================");      }      return 0; } 

输出结果

2014-10-22 19:41:37.452 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class name: MyClass 2014-10-22 19:41:37.453 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] super class name: NSObject 2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is not a meta-class 2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.454 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass's meta-class is MyClass 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance size: 48 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance1 at index: 0 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _instance2 at index: 1 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _array at index: 2 2014-10-22 19:41:37.455 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _string at index: 3 2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instance variable's name: _integer at index: 4 2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] instace variable _string 2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: array 2014-10-22 19:41:37.463 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: string 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property's name: integer 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] property array 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method1 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method2 2014-10-22 19:41:37.464 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: method3WithArg1:arg2: 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: integer 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setInteger: 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: array 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: string 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setString: 2014-10-22 19:41:37.465 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: setArray: 2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method's signature: .cxx_destruct 2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] method method1 2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] class method : classMethod1 2014-10-22 19:41:37.466 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsd to selector: method3WithArg1:arg2: 2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] call method method1 2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ========================================================== 2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCopying 2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] protocol name: NSCoding 2014-10-22 19:41:37.467 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] MyClass is responsed to protocol NSCoding 2014-10-22 19:41:37.468 RuntimeTest[3189:156810] ======================================

动态创建类和对象

动态创建类

// 创建一个新类和元类 Class objc_allocateClassPair ( Class superclass, const char *name, size_t extraBytes ); //如果创建的是root class,则superclass为Nil。extraBytes通常为0  // 销毁一个类及其相关联的类 void objc_disposeClassPair ( Class cls ); //在运行中还存在或存在子类实例,就不能够调用这个。  // 在应用中注册由objc_allocateClassPair创建的类 void objc_registerClassPair ( Class cls ); //创建了新类后,然后使用class_addMethod,class_addIvar函数为新类添加方法,实例变量和属性后再调用这个来注册类,再之后就能够用了。

使用实例

Class cls = objc_allocateClassPair(MyClass.class, "MySubClass", 0); class_addMethod(cls, @selector(submethod1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:"); class_replaceMethod(cls, @selector(method1), (IMP)imp_submethod1, "v@:"); class_addIvar(cls, "_ivar1", sizeof(NSString *), log(sizeof(NSString *)), "i");  objc_property_attribute_t type = {"T", "@/"NSString/""}; objc_property_attribute_t ownership = { "C", "" }; objc_property_attribute_t backingivar = { "V", "_ivar1"}; objc_property_attribute_t attrs[] = {type, ownership, backingivar};  class_addProperty(cls, "property2", attrs, 3); objc_registerClassPair(cls);  id instance = [[cls alloc] init]; [instance performSelector:@selector(submethod1)]; [instance performSelector:@selector(method1)];

输出

2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1 2014-10-23 11:35:31.006 RuntimeTest[3800:66152] run sub method 1

动态创建对象

// 创建类实例 id class_createInstance ( Class cls, size_t extraBytes ); //会在heap里给类分配内存。这个方法和+alloc方法类似。  // 在指定位置创建类实例 id objc_constructInstance ( Class cls, void *bytes );   // 销毁类实例 void * objc_destructInstance ( id obj ); //不会释放移除任何相关引用

测试下效果

//可以看出class_createInstance和alloc的不同 id theObject = class_createInstance(NSString.class, sizeof(unsigned)); id str1 = [theObject init]; NSLog(@"%@", [str1 class]); id str2 = [[NSString alloc] initWithString:@"test"]; NSLog(@"%@", [str2 class]);

输出结果

2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] NSString 2014-10-23 12:46:50.781 RuntimeTest[4039:89088] __NSCFConstantString

实例操作函数

这些函数是针对创建的实例对象的一系列操作函数。

整个对象操作的函数

// 返回指定对象的一份拷贝 id object_copy ( id obj, size_t size ); // 释放指定对象占用的内存 id object_dispose ( id obj );

应用场景

//把a转换成占用更多空间的子类b NSObject *a = [[NSObject alloc] init]; id newB = object_copy(a, class_getInstanceSize(MyClass.class)); object_setClass(newB, MyClass.class); object_dispose(a);

对象实例变量进行操作的函数

// 修改类实例的实例变量的值 Ivar object_setInstanceVariable ( id obj, const char *name, void *value ); // 获取对象实例变量的值 Ivar object_getInstanceVariable ( id obj, const char *name, void **outValue ); // 返回指向给定对象分配的任何额外字节的指针 void * object_getIndexedIvars ( id obj ); // 返回对象中实例变量的值 id object_getIvar ( id obj, Ivar ivar ); // 设置对象中实例变量的值 void object_setIvar ( id obj, Ivar ivar, id value );

对对象类操作

// 返回给定对象的类名 const char * object_getClassName ( id obj ); // 返回对象的类 Class object_getClass ( id obj ); // 设置对象的类 Class object_setClass ( id obj, Class cls );

获取类定义

// 获取已注册的类定义的列表 int objc_getClassList ( Class *buffer, int bufferCount );  // 创建并返回一个指向所有已注册类的指针列表 Class * objc_copyClassList ( unsigned int *outCount );  // 返回指定类的类定义 Class objc_lookUpClass ( const char *name ); Class objc_getClass ( const char *name ); Class objc_getRequiredClass ( const char *name );  // 返回指定类的元类 Class objc_getMetaClass ( const char *name );

演示如何使用

int numClasses; Class * classes = NULL; numClasses = objc_getClassList(NULL, 0); if (numClasses > 0) {  classes = malloc(sizeof(Class) * numClasses);  numClasses = objc_getClassList(classes, numClasses);  NSLog(@"number of classes: %d", numClasses);  for (int i = 0; i < numClasses; i++) {   Class cls = classes[i];   NSLog(@"class name: %s", class_getName(cls));  }  free(classes); } 

结果如下:

2014-10-23 16:20:52.589 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] number of classes: 1282 2014-10-23 16:20:52.589 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: DDTokenRegexp 2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: _NSMostCommonKoreanCharsKeySet 2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: OS_xpc_dictionary 2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSFileCoordinator 2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSAssertionHandler 2014-10-23 16:20:52.590 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: PFUbiquityTransactionLogMigrator 2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSNotification 2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: NSKeyValueNilSetEnumerator 2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: OS_tcp_connection_tls_session 2014-10-23 16:20:52.591 RuntimeTest[8437:188589] class name: _PFRoutines ......还有大量输出

成员变量与属性

基础数据类型

实例变量类型,指向objc_ivar结构体的指针

typedef struct objc_ivar *Ivar;  struct objc_ivar { char *ivar_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 变量名 char *ivar_type OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 变量类型 int ivar_offset OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 基地址偏移字节 #ifdef __LP64__ int space OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; #endif }

objc_property_t

属性类型,指向objc_property结构体

typedef struct objc_property *objc_property_t;

通过class_copyPropertyList和protocol_copyPropertyList方法获取类和协议的属性

objc_property_t *class_copyPropertyList(Class cls, unsigned int *outCount) objc_property_t *protocol_copyPropertyList(Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount)

示例

@interface Lender : NSObject {  float alone; } @property float alone; @end //获取属性列表 id LenderClass = objc_getClass("Lender"); unsigned int outCount; objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList(LenderClass, &outCount); //查找属性名称 const char *property_getName(objc_property_t property) //通过给出的名称来在类和协议中获取属性的引用 objc_property_t class_getProperty(Class cls, const char *name) objc_property_t protocol_getProperty(Protocol *proto, const char *name, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty) //发掘属性名称和@encode类型字符串 const char *property_getAttributes(objc_property_t property) //从一个类中获取它的属性 id LenderClass = objc_getClass("Lender"); unsigned int outCount, i; objc_property_t *properties = class_copyPropertyList(LenderClass, &outCount); for (i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {  objc_property_t property = properties[i];  fprintf(stdout, "%s %s/n", property_getName(property), property_getAttributes(property)); } 

objc_property_attribute_t

也是结构体,定义属性的attribute

typedef struct {      const char *name; // 特性名      const char *value; // 特性值 } objc_property_attribute_t;

关联对象

关联对象是在运行时添加的类似成员。

//将一个对象连接到其它对象 static char myKey; objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &myKey, anObject, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN); //获取一个新的关联的对象 id anObject = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &myKey); //使用objc_removeAssociatedObjects函数移除一个关联对象

实例演示关联对象使用

//动态的将一个Tap手势操作连接到任何UIView中。 - (void)setTapActionWithBlock:(void (^)(void))block {  UITapGestureRecognizer *gesture = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey);  if (!gesture)  {   gesture = [[UITapGestureRecognizer alloc] initWithTarget:self action:@selector(__handleActionForTapGesture:)];   [self addGestureRecognizer:gesture];   //将创建的手势对象和block作为关联对象   objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapGestureKey, gesture, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN);  }  objc_setAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey, block, OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY); } //手势识别对象的target和action - (void)__handleActionForTapGesture:(UITapGestureRecognizer *)gesture {  if (gesture.state == UIGestureRecognizerStateRecognized)  {   void(^action)(void) = objc_getAssociatedObject(self, &kDTActionHandlerTapBlockKey);   if (action)   {    action();   }  } } 

成员变量和属性的操作方法

成员变量

// 获取成员变量名 const char * ivar_getName ( Ivar v ); // 获取成员变量类型编码 const char * ivar_getTypeEncoding ( Ivar v ); // 获取成员变量的偏移量 ptrdiff_t ivar_getOffset ( Ivar v );

Associated Objects

// 设置关联对象 void objc_setAssociatedObject ( id object, const void *key, id value, objc_AssociationPolicy policy ); // 获取关联对象 id objc_getAssociatedObject ( id object, const void *key ); // 移除关联对象 void objc_removeAssociatedObjects ( id object ); //上面方法以键值对的形式动态的向对象添加,获取或者删除关联值。其中关联政策是一组枚举常量。这些常量对应着引用关联值机制,也就是Objc内存管理的引用计数机制。 enum {  OBJC_ASSOCIATION_ASSIGN = 0,  OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN_NONATOMIC = 1,  OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY_NONATOMIC = 3,  OBJC_ASSOCIATION_RETAIN = 01401,  OBJC_ASSOCIATION_COPY = 01403 }; 
// 获取属性名 const char * property_getName ( objc_property_t property ); // 获取属性特性描述字符串 const char * property_getAttributes ( objc_property_t property ); // 获取属性中指定的特性 char * property_copyAttributeValue ( objc_property_t property, const char *attributeName ); // 获取属性的特性列表 objc_property_attribute_t * property_copyAttributeList ( objc_property_t property, unsigned int *outCount );

两个接口同样数据不同的字段名处理

@interface MyObject: NSObject @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * name; @property (nonatomic, copy) NSString * status; @end //返回字典数据有不同的字段名,一般是写两个方法,但是如果灵活用runtime只用写一个方法 @{@"name1": "张三", @"status1": @"start"} @{@"name2": "张三", @"status2": @"end"} //定义一个映射字典(全局) static NSMutableDictionary *map = nil; @implementation MyObject + (void)load { map = [NSMutableDictionary dictionary]; map[@"name1"] = @"name"; map[@"status1"] = @"status"; map[@"name2"] = @"name"; map[@"status2"] = @"status"; } @end //不同字段映射到MyObject相同属性上 - (void)setDataWithDic:(NSDictionary *)dic {      [dic enumerateKeysAndObjectsUsingBlock:^(NSString *key, id obj, BOOL *stop) {           NSString *propertyKey = [self propertyForKey:key];           if (propertyKey)           {  objc_property_t property = class_getProperty([self class], [propertyKey UTF8String]);  // TODO: 针对特殊数据类型做处理  NSString *attributeString = [NSString stringWithCString:property_getAttributes(property) encoding:NSUTF8StringEncoding];  ...  [self setValue:obj forKey:propertyKey];           }      }]; } 

Method和消息

Method和消息的基础数据类型

选择器表示一个方法的selector的指针,可以理解为Method中的ID类型

typedef struct objc_selector *SEL; //objc_selector编译时会根据每个方法名字参数序列生成唯一标识 SEL sel1 = @selector(method1); NSLog(@"sel : %p", sel1); 输出 2014-10-30 18:40:07.518 RuntimeTest[52734:466626] sel : 0x100002d72

获取SEL的三个方法:

  • sel_registerName函数
  • Objective-C编译器提供的@selector()
  • NSSelectorFromString()方法

是函数指针,指向方法的首地址,通过SEL快速得到对应IMP,这时可以跳过Runtime消息传递机制直接执行函数,比直接向对象发消息高效。定义如下

id (*IMP)(id, SEL, ...)

用于表示类定义中的方法

typedef struct objc_method *Method;  struct objc_method {      SEL method_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法名      char *method_types OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; //是个char指针,存储着方法的参数类型和返回值类型      IMP method_imp OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 方法实现,函数指针 }

Method相关操作函数

// 调用指定方法的实现,返回的是方法实现时的返回,参数receiver不能为空,这个比method_getImplementation和method_getName快 id method_invoke ( id receiver, Method m, ... ); // 调用返回一个数据结构的方法的实现 void method_invoke_stret ( id receiver, Method m, ... ); // 获取方法名,希望获得方法明的C字符串,使用sel_getName(method_getName(method)) SEL method_getName ( Method m ); // 返回方法的实现 IMP method_getImplementation ( Method m ); // 获取描述方法参数和返回值类型的字符串 const char * method_getTypeEncoding ( Method m ); // 获取方法的返回值类型的字符串 char * method_copyReturnType ( Method m ); // 获取方法的指定位置参数的类型字符串 char * method_copyArgumentType ( Method m, unsigned int index ); // 通过引用返回方法的返回值类型字符串 void method_getReturnType ( Method m, char *dst, size_t dst_len ); // 返回方法的参数的个数 unsigned int method_getNumberOfArguments ( Method m ); // 通过引用返回方法指定位置参数的类型字符串 void method_getArgumentType ( Method m, unsigned int index, char *dst, size_t dst_len ); // 返回指定方法的方法描述结构体 struct objc_method_description * method_getDescription ( Method m ); // 设置方法的实现 IMP method_setImplementation ( Method m, IMP imp ); // 交换两个方法的实现 void method_exchangeImplementations ( Method m1, Method m2 );

Method的SEL

// 返回给定选择器指定的方法的名称 const char * sel_getName ( SEL sel ); // 在Objective-C Runtime系统中注册一个方法,将方法名映射到一个选择器,并返回这个选择器 SEL sel_registerName ( const char *str ); // 在Objective-C Runtime系统中注册一个方法 SEL sel_getUid ( const char *str ); // 比较两个选择器 BOOL sel_isEqual ( SEL lhs, SEL rhs );

Method调用流程

消息函数,Objc中发送消息是用中括号把接收者和消息括起来,只到运行时才会把消息和方法实现绑定。

//这个函数将消息接收者和方法名作为基础参数。消息发送给一个对象时,objc_msgSend通过对象的isa指针获得类的结构体,先在Cache里找,找到就执行,没找到就在分发列表里查找方法的selector,没找到就通过objc_msgSend结构体中指向父类的指针找到父类,然后在父类分发列表找,直到root class(NSObject)。 objc_msgSend(receiver, selector, arg1, arg2, ...)

编译器会根据情况在objc_msgSend,objc_msgSend_stret,objc_msgSendSuper,或objc_msgSendSuper_stret四个方法中选一个调用。如果是传递给超类就会调用带super的函数,如果返回是数据结构而不是一个值就会调用带stret的函数。在i386平台返回类型为浮点消息会调用objc_msgSend_fpret函数。

举个例子,NSStringFromClass([self class])和NSStringFromClass([super class])输出都是self的类名。原因如下

调用[self class]的时候先调用objc_msgSend,发现self没有class这个方法,然后用objc_msgSendSuper就去父类找,还是没有,继续用objc_msgSendSuper到NSObject里找,结果找到了,查找NSObject中class方法的runtime源码会发现它会返回self,所以[self class]会返回self本身。同理[super class]相对前者就是少了objc_msgSend这一步,最后也会找到NSObject根类里的class方法,自然结果也是返回了self。

Method中的接收消息对象参数和方法选择器参数

在Method中使用self关键字来引用实例本身,self的内容即接收消息的对象是在Method运行时被传入的同时还有方法选择器。

获取Method地址

使用NSObject提供的methodForSelector:方法可以获得Method的指针,通过指针调用实现代码。

void (*setter)(id, SEL, BOOL); int i; setter = (void (*)(id, SEL, BOOL))[target      methodForSelector:@selector(setFilled:)]; for ( i = 0 ; i < 1000 ; i++ )      setter(targetList[i], @selector(setFilled:), YES);

Method转发

如果使用[object message]调用方法,object无法响应message时就会报错。用performSelector...调用就要等到运行时才确定是否能接受,不能才崩溃。

//先调用respondsToSelector:来判断一下 if ([self respondsToSelector:@selector(method)]) {      [self performSelector:@selector(method)]; }

Method转发机制分为三步:

动态方法解析

void functionForMethod1(id self, SEL _cmd) {  NSLog(@"%@, %p", self, _cmd); } + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)sel {  NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(sel);  if ([selectorString isEqualToString:@"method1"]) {   class_addMethod(self.class, @selector(method1), (IMP)functionForMethod1, "@:");  }  return [super resolveInstanceMethod:sel]; } 

可以动态的提供一个方法的实现。例如可以用@dynamic关键字在类的实现文件中写个属性

//这个表明会为这个属性动态提供set get方法,就是编译器是不会默认生成setPropertyName:和propertyName方法,需要动态提供。可以通过重载resolveInstanceMethod:和resolveClassMethod:方法分别添加实例方法和类方法实现。最后用class_addMethod完成添加特定方法实现的操作 @dynamic propertyName; // void dynamicMethodIMP(id self, SEL _cmd) {  // implementation .... } @implementation MyClass + (BOOL)resolveInstanceMethod:(SEL)aSEL {  if (aSEL == @selector(resolveThisMethodDynamically)) {   //v@:表示返回值和参数,可以在苹果官网查看Type Encoding相关文档 https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/DOCUMENTATION/Cocoa/Conceptual/ObjCRuntimeGuide/Articles/ocrtTypeEncodings.html   class_addMethod([self class], aSEL, (IMP) dynamicMethodIMP, "v@:");   return YES;  }  return [super resolveInstanceMethod:aSEL]; } @end 

重定向接收者

如果无法处理消息会继续调用下面的方法,同时在这里Runtime系统实际上是给了一个替换消息接收者的机会,但是替换的对象千万不要是self,那样会进入死循环。

- (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {      if(aSelector == @selector(mysteriousMethod:)){           return alternateObject;      }      return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector]; }

使用这个方法通常在对象内部,如下

@interface SUTRuntimeMethodHelper : NSObject - (void)method2; @end @implementation SUTRuntimeMethodHelper - (void)method2 {  NSLog(@"%@, %p", self, _cmd); } @end #pragma mark - @interface SUTRuntimeMethod () {  SUTRuntimeMethodHelper *_helper; } @end @implementation SUTRuntimeMethod + (instancetype)object {  return [[self alloc] init]; } - (instancetype)init {  self = [super init];  if (self != nil) {   _helper = [[SUTRuntimeMethodHelper alloc] init];  }  return self; } - (void)test {  [self performSelector:@selector(method2)]; } - (id)forwardingTargetForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {  NSLog(@"forwardingTargetForSelector");  NSString *selectorString = NSStringFromSelector(aSelector);  // 将消息转发给_helper来处理  if ([selectorString isEqualToString:@"method2"]) {   return _helper;  }  return [super forwardingTargetForSelector:aSelector]; } @end 

最后进行转发

如果以上两种都没法处理未知消息就需要完整消息转发了。调用如下方法

//这一步是最后机会将消息转发给其它对象,对象会将未处理的消息相关的selector,target和参数都封装在anInvocation中。forwardInvocation:像未知消息分发中心,将未知消息转发给其它对象。注意的是forwardInvocation:方法只有在消息接收对象无法正常响应消息时才被调用。 - (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation //必须重写这个方法,消息转发使用这个方法获得的信息创建NSInvocation对象。 - (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector

范例

- (NSMethodSignature *)methodSignatureForSelector:(SEL)aSelector {  NSMethodSignature *signature = [super methodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];  if (!signature) {   if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:aSelector]) {    signature = [SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instanceMethodSignatureForSelector:aSelector];   }  }  return signature; } - (void)forwardInvocation:(NSInvocation *)anInvocation {  if ([SUTRuntimeMethodHelper instancesRespondToSelector:anInvocation.selector]) {   [anInvocation invokeWithTarget:_helper];  } } 

转发和多继承

转发和继承相似,一个Object把消息转发出去就好像它继承了另一个Object的方法一样。

Message消息的参考文章

  • Message forwarding https://mikeash.com/pyblog/friday-qa-2009-03-27-objective-c-message-forwarding.html
  • Objective-c messaging https://www.mikeash.com/pyblog/friday-qa-2009-03-20-objective-c-messaging.html
  • The faster objc_msgSend http://www.mulle-kybernetik.com/artikel/Optimization/opti-9.html

Method Swizzling

是改变一个selector实际实现的技术,可以在运行时修改selector对应的函数来修改Method的实现。前面的消息转发很强大,但是需要能够修改对应类的源码,但是对于有些类无法修改其源码时又要更改其方法实现时可以使用Method Swizzling,通过重新映射方法来达到目的,但是跟消息转发比起来调试会困难。

使用method swizzling需要注意的问题

  • Swizzling应该总在+load中执行:Objective-C在运行时会自动调用类的两个方法+load和+initialize。+load会在类初始加载时调用,和+initialize比较+load能保证在类的初始化过程中被加载
  • Swizzling应该总是在dispatch_once中执行:swizzling会改变全局状态,所以在运行时采取一些预防措施,使用dispatch_once就能够确保代码不管有多少线程都只被执行一次。这将成为method swizzling的最佳实践。
  • Selector,Method和Implementation:这几个之间关系可以这样理解,一个类维护一个运行时可接收的消息分发表,分发表中每个入口是一个Method,其中key是一个特定的名称,及SEL,与其对应的实现是IMP即指向底层C函数的指针。

举例说明如何使用Method Swizzling对一个类中注入一些我们的新的操作。

#import <objc/runtime.h> @implementation UIViewController (Tracking) + (void)load {  static dispatch_once_t onceToken;  dispatch_once(&onceToken, ^{   Class class = [self class];   // When swizzling a class method, use the following:   // Class class = object_getClass((id)self);   //通过method swizzling修改了UIViewController的@selector(viewWillAppear:)的指针使其指向了自定义的xxx_viewWillAppear   SEL originalSelector = @selector(viewWillAppear:);   SEL swizzledSelector = @selector(xxx_viewWillAppear:);   Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, originalSelector);   Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, swizzledSelector);   BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class,    originalSelector,    method_getImplementation(swizzledMethod),    method_getTypeEncoding(swizzledMethod));   //如果类中不存在要替换的方法,就先用class_addMethod和class_replaceMethod函数添加和替换两个方法实现。但如果已经有了要替换的方法,就调用method_exchangeImplementations函数交换两个方法的Implementation。   if (didAddMethod) {    class_replaceMethod(class,     swizzledSelector,     method_getImplementation(originalMethod),    method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));   } else {    method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);   }  }); } #pragma mark - Method Swizzling - (void)xxx_viewWillAppear:(BOOL)animated {  [self xxx_viewWillAppear:animated];  NSLog(@"viewWillAppear: %@", self); } @end 

method_exchangeImplementations做的事情和如下代码是一样的

IMP imp1 = method_getImplementation(m1); IMP imp2 = method_getImplementation(m2); method_setImplementation(m1, imp2); method_setImplementation(m2, imp1);

另一种Method Swizzling的实现

- (void)replacementReceiveMessage:(const struct BInstantMessage *)arg1 {  NSLog(@"arg1 is %@", arg1);  [self replacementReceiveMessage:arg1]; } + (void)load {  SEL originalSelector = @selector(ReceiveMessage:);  SEL overrideSelector = @selector(replacementReceiveMessage:);  Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(self, originalSelector);  Method overrideMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(self, overrideSelector);  if (class_addMethod(self, originalSelector, method_getImplementation(overrideMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(overrideMethod))) {   class_replaceMethod(self, overrideSelector, method_getImplementation(originalMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));  } else {   method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, overrideMethod);  } } 

这里有几个关于Method Swizzling的资源可以参考

  • How do I implement method swizzling? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5371601/how-do-i-implement-method-swizzling
  • Method Swizzling http://nshipster.com/method-swizzling/
  • What are the Dangers of Method Swizzling in Objective C? http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5339276/what-are-the-dangers-of-method-swizzling-in-objective-c
  • JRSwizzle https://github.com/rentzsch/jrswizzle

Protocol和Category

基础数据类型

Category

指向分类的结构体的指针

typedef struct objc_category *Category; struct objc_category {  char *category_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分类名  char *class_name OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分类所属的类名  struct objc_method_list *instance_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 实例方法列表  struct objc_method_list *class_methods OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 类方法列表,Meta Class方法列表的子集  struct objc_protocol_list *protocols OBJC2_UNAVAILABLE; // 分类所实现的协议列表 } 

Protocol

Protocol其实就是一个对象结构体

typedef struct objc_object Protocol;

操作函数

Category操作函数信息都包含在objc_class中,我们可以通过objc_class的操作函数来获取分类的操作函数信息。

@interface RuntimeCategoryClass : NSObject - (void)method1; @end @interface RuntimeCategoryClass (Category) - (void)method2; @end @implementation RuntimeCategoryClass - (void)method1 { } @end @implementation RuntimeCategoryClass (Category) - (void)method2 { } @end #pragma mark - NSLog(@"测试objc_class中的方法列表是否包含分类中的方法"); unsigned int outCount = 0; Method *methodList = class_copyMethodList(RuntimeCategoryClass.class, &outCount); for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {  Method method = methodList[i];  const char *name = sel_getName(method_getName(method));  NSLog(@"RuntimeCategoryClass's method: %s", name);  if (strcmp(name, sel_getName(@selector(method2)))) {   NSLog(@"分类方法method2在objc_class的方法列表中");  } } //输出 2014-11-08 10:36:39.213 [561:151847] 测试objc_class中的方法列表是否包含分类中的方法 2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] RuntimeCategoryClass's method: method2 2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] RuntimeCategoryClass's method: method1 2014-11-08 10:36:39.215 [561:151847] 分类方法method2在objc_class的方法列表中 

Runtime提供了Protocol的一系列函数操作,函数包括

// 返回指定的协议 Protocol * objc_getProtocol ( const char *name ); // 获取运行时所知道的所有协议的数组 Protocol ** objc_copyProtocolList ( unsigned int *outCount ); // 创建新的协议实例 Protocol * objc_allocateProtocol ( const char *name ); // 在运行时中注册新创建的协议 void objc_registerProtocol ( Protocol *proto ); //创建一个新协议后必须使用这个进行注册这个新协议,但是注册后不能够再修改和添加新方法。 // 为协议添加方法 void protocol_addMethodDescription ( Protocol *proto, SEL name, const char *types, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod ); // 添加一个已注册的协议到协议中 void protocol_addProtocol ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *addition ); // 为协议添加属性 void protocol_addProperty ( Protocol *proto, const char *name, const objc_property_attribute_t *attributes, unsigned int attributeCount, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty ); // 返回协议名 const char * protocol_getName ( Protocol *p ); // 测试两个协议是否相等 BOOL protocol_isEqual ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *other ); // 获取协议中指定条件的方法的方法描述数组 struct objc_method_description * protocol_copyMethodDescriptionList ( Protocol *p, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod, unsigned int *outCount ); // 获取协议中指定方法的方法描述 struct objc_method_description protocol_getMethodDescription ( Protocol *p, SEL aSel, BOOL isRequiredMethod, BOOL isInstanceMethod ); // 获取协议中的属性列表 objc_property_t * protocol_copyPropertyList ( Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount ); // 获取协议的指定属性 objc_property_t protocol_getProperty ( Protocol *proto, const char *name, BOOL isRequiredProperty, BOOL isInstanceProperty ); // 获取协议采用的协议 Protocol ** protocol_copyProtocolList ( Protocol *proto, unsigned int *outCount ); // 查看协议是否采用了另一个协议 BOOL protocol_conformsToProtocol ( Protocol *proto, Protocol *other );

runtime中一些支持block操作的函数

// 创建一个指针函数的指针,该函数调用时会调用特定的block IMP imp_implementationWithBlock ( id block );  // 返回与IMP(使用imp_implementationWithBlock创建的)相关的block id imp_getBlock ( IMP anImp );  // 解除block与IMP(使用imp_implementationWithBlock创建的)的关联关系,并释放block的拷贝 BOOL imp_removeBlock ( IMP anImp );

测试代码

@interface MyRuntimeBlock : NSObject @end @implementation MyRuntimeBlock @end IMP imp = imp_implementationWithBlock(^(id obj, NSString *str) {  NSLog(@"%@", str); }); class_addMethod(MyRuntimeBlock.class, @selector(testBlock:), imp, "v@:@"); MyRuntimeBlock *runtime = [[MyRuntimeBlock alloc] init]; [runtime performSelector:@selector(testBlock:) withObject:@"hello world!"]; //结果 2014-11-09 14:03:19.779 [1172:395446] hello world! 

Runtime的应用

获取系统提供的库相关信息

主要函数

// 获取所有加载的Objective-C框架和动态库的名称 const char ** objc_copyImageNames ( unsigned int *outCount );  // 获取指定类所在动态库 const char * class_getImageName ( Class cls );  // 获取指定库或框架中所有类的类名 const char ** objc_copyClassNamesForImage ( const char *image, unsigned int *outCount );

通过这些函数就能够获取某个类所有的库,以及某个库中包含哪些类

NSLog(@"获取指定类所在动态库"); NSLog(@"UIView's Framework: %s", class_getImageName(NSClassFromString(@"UIView"))); NSLog(@"获取指定库或框架中所有类的类名"); const char ** classes = objc_copyClassNamesForImage(class_getImageName(NSClassFromString(@"UIView")), &outCount); for (int i = 0; i < outCount; i++) {  NSLog(@"class name: %s", classes[i]); } //结果 2014-11-08 12:57:32.689 [747:184013] 获取指定类所在动态库 2014-11-08 12:57:32.690 [747:184013] UIView's Framework: /System/Library/Frameworks/UIKit.framework/UIKit 2014-11-08 12:57:32.690 [747:184013] 获取指定库或框架中所有类的类名 2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: UIKeyboardPredictiveSettings 2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewTopFrame 2014-11-08 12:57:32.691 [747:184013] class name: _UIOnePartImageView 2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewSelectionBar 2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerWheelView 2014-11-08 12:57:32.692 [747:184013] class name: _UIPickerViewTestParameters ...... 

对App的用户行为进行追踪

就是用户点击时把事件记录下来。一般比较做法就是在viewDidAppear里记录事件,这样会让这样记录事件的代码遍布整个项目中。继承或类别也会有问题。这时利用Method Swizzling把一个方法的实现和另一个方法的实现进行替换。

//先定义一个类别,添加要Swizzled的方法 @implementation UIViewController (Logging)- (void)swizzled_viewDidAppear:(BOOL)animated { // call original implementation  [self swizzled_viewDidAppear:animated]; // Logging  [Logging logWithEventName:NSStringFromClass([self class])]; } //接下来实现swizzle方法 @implementation UIViewController (Logging)void swizzleMethod(Class class, SEL originalSelector, SEL swizzledSelector) { // the method might not exist in the class, but in its superclass  Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, originalSelector);  Method swizzledMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(class, swizzledSelector); // class_addMethod will fail if original method already exists  BOOL didAddMethod = class_addMethod(class, originalSelector, method_getImplementation(swizzledMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(swizzledMethod)); // the method doesn’t exist and we just added one  if (didAddMethod) {   class_replaceMethod(class, swizzledSelector, method_getImplementation(originalMethod), method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod));  }  else {   method_exchangeImplementations(originalMethod, swizzledMethod);  } } //最后要确保在程序启动的时候调用swizzleMethod方法在之前的UIViewController的Logging类别里添加+load:方法,然后在+load:里把viewDidAppear替换掉 @implementation UIViewController (Logging)+ (void)load {  swizzleMethod([self class], @selector(viewDidAppear:), @selector(swizzled_viewDidAppear:)); } //更简化直接用新的IMP取代原IMP,不是替换,只需要有全局的函数指针指向原IMP即可。 void (gOriginalViewDidAppear)(id, SEL, BOOL);void newViewDidAppear(UIViewController *self, SEL _cmd, BOOL animated) { // call original implementation  gOriginalViewDidAppear(self, _cmd, animated); // Logging  [Logging logWithEventName:NSStringFromClass([self class])]; } + (void)load {  Method originalMethod = class_getInstanceMethod(self, @selector(viewDidAppear:));  gOriginalViewDidAppear = (void *)method_getImplementation(originalMethod); if(!class_addMethod(self, @selector(viewDidAppear:), (IMP) newViewDidAppear, method_getTypeEncoding(originalMethod))) {   method_setImplementation(originalMethod, (IMP) newViewDidAppear);  } } 

通过Method Swizzling可以把事件代码或Logging,Authentication,Caching等跟主要业务逻辑代码解耦。这种处理方式叫做Cross Cutting Concerns http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-cutting_concern 用Method Swizzling动态给指定的方法添加代码解决Cross Cutting Concerns的编程方式叫Aspect Oriented Programming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming 目前有些第三方库可以很方便的使用AOP,比如Aspects https://github.com/steipete/Aspects 这里是使用Aspects的范例 https://github.com/okcomp/AspectsDemo

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