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当通过接口的方式注入Bean时,如果有多个子类的bean存在时,具体哪个bean会被注入呢?系统中能否存在两个重名的bean呢?如果可以,那么怎么选择引入呢?如果不行的话又该怎么避免上面的问题呢?
这个场景可以说是比较常见的,现在提倡面向接口编程嘛,当一个接口有多个实例时,怎么注入和引用就需要我们额外关注下了
首先定义一个接口和两个简单的实现类,并演示一下我们通常的用法
一个输出的接口定义如下
public interface IPrint { void print(String msg); } 复制代码
对应给两个实现
@Component public class ConsolePrint implements IPrint { @Override public void print(String msg) { System.out.println("console print: " + msg); } } @Slf4j @Component public class LogPrint implements IPrint { @Override public void print(String msg) { log.info("log print: {}", msg); } } 复制代码
下面就是我们一般的引用方式
@Autowired
注解时,属性名即为默认的Bean名,如下面的 logPrint
就是获取 beanName=logPrint
的bean @Resource(name=xxx)
直接指定Bean的name,来唯一选择匹配的bean @Component public class NormalPrintDemo { @Resource(name = "consolePrint") private IPrint consolePrint; @Autowired private IPrint logPrint; @PostConstruct public void init() { consolePrint.print(" console print!!!"); logPrint.print(" log print!!!"); } } 复制代码
上面是两种常见的使用姿势,此外还可以借助 @Primary
注解来声明默认的注入bean
@Primary
注解 这个注解就是为了解决当有多个bean满足注入条件时,有这个注解的实例被选中
根据上面的作用说明,很明显可以得知一点
@Primary
注解的使用有唯一性要求:即对应上面的case,一个接口的子类中,只能有一个实现上有这个注解 假设将这个注解放在 LogPrint
上之后,如下
@Slf4j @Component @Primary public class LogPrint implements IPrint { @Override public void print(String msg) { log.info("log print: {}", msg); } } 复制代码
结合上面的常用姿势,加上这个注解之后,我们的测试用例应该至少包含下面几个
@Resource
指定beanName的是否会被 @Primary
影响 @Autowired
注解 + 属性名的方式,是按照第一节的方式选择呢,还是选择被 @Primary
标识的实例 @Autowired
+ 随意的一个非beanName的属性,验证是否会选中 @Primary
标识的注解 @Component public class PrintDemoBean { @Resource(name = "logPrint") private IPrint print; /** * 下面的注解不指定name,则实例为logPrint */ @Autowired private IPrint consolePrint; // logPrint的选择,由@Primary注解决定 @Autowired private IPrint logPrint; // logPrint的选择,由@Primary注解决定 @Autowired(required = false) private IPrint xxxPrint; @PostConstruct public void init() { print.print("expect logPrint for [print]"); consolePrint.print(" expect logPrint for [consolePrint]"); logPrint.print("expect logPrint for [logPrint]"); xxxPrint.print("expect logPrint for [xxxPrint]"); } } 复制代码
执行结果如下
2018-10-22 19:42:40.234 INFO 61966 --- [ main] c.g.h.b.b.choose.sameclz.LogPrint : log print: expect logPrint for [print] 2018-10-22 19:42:40.235 INFO 61966 --- [ main] c.g.h.b.b.choose.sameclz.LogPrint : log print: expect consolePrint for [consolePrint] 2018-10-22 19:42:40.235 INFO 61966 --- [ main] c.g.h.b.b.choose.sameclz.LogPrint : log print: expect logPrint for [logPrint] 2018-10-22 19:42:40.235 INFO 61966 --- [ main] c.g.h.b.b.choose.sameclz.LogPrint : log print: expect logPrint for [xxxPrint] 复制代码
根据前面的执行,因此可以知晓,选择bean的方式如下
@Primary
注解时 @Resource
注解指定name时,根据name来查找对应的bean @Autowired
注解,全部都用 @Primary
标识的注解 @Primary
注解要求唯一(非广义的唯一性,并不是指只能用一个@Primary,具体看前面) @Primary
注解时 @Resource @Autowired
在我们实际的业务开发中,有多个bean名为xxx的异常应该算是比较常见的,也就是说应该不能有两个bean叫同一个name;但考虑下下面这个场景
A的服务,依赖B和C的服务;而B和C是两个完全独立的第三方服务,他们各自都提供了一个 beanName=xxxService
的bean,对于A而言,Spring容器中就会有BeanName冲突的问题了,而且这种场景,对A而言,也是不可控的啊,这种情况下改怎么办?
先来个case演示下同名bean的情况,如下定义两个bean,除了包路径不一样外,类名相同,通过 @Component
注解方式声明bean,因此两个bean的beanName都是 SameA
package com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.a; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; /** * Created by @author yihui in 21:32 18/10/22. */ @Component public class SameA { private String text ; public SameA() { text = "a sameA!"; } public void print() { System.out.println(text); } } package com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.b; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; /** * Created by @author yihui in 21:33 18/10/22. */ @Component public class SameA { private String text; public SameA() { text = "B SameA"; } public void print() { System.out.println(text); } } 复制代码
接下来测试下引用,是否有问题
package com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename; import com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.a.SameA; import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; import javax.annotation.PostConstruct; /** * Created by @author yihui in 21:32 18/10/22. */ @Component public class SameDemo { @Autowired private SameA sameA; @PostConstruct public void init() { sameA.print(); } } 复制代码
执行之后,毫不意外的抛出了异常,堆栈信息如下
org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanDefinitionStoreException: Failed to parse configuration class [com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.Application]; nested exception is org.springframework.context.annotation.ConflictingBeanDefinitionException: Annotation-specified bean name 'sameA' for bean class [com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.b.SameA] conflicts with existing, non-compatible bean definition of same name and class [com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.a.SameA] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.parse(ConfigurationClassParser.java:184) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.processConfigBeanDefinitions(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:316) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.postProcessBeanDefinitionRegistry(ConfigurationClassPostProcessor.java:233) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanDefinitionRegistryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:271) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(PostProcessorRegistrationDelegate.java:91) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.invokeBeanFactoryPostProcessors(AbstractApplicationContext.java:694) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.support.AbstractApplicationContext.refresh(AbstractApplicationContext.java:532) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refresh(SpringApplication.java:762) [spring-boot-2.0.4.RELEASE.jar:2.0.4.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.refreshContext(SpringApplication.java:398) [spring-boot-2.0.4.RELEASE.jar:2.0.4.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:330) [spring-boot-2.0.4.RELEASE.jar:2.0.4.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1258) [spring-boot-2.0.4.RELEASE.jar:2.0.4.RELEASE] at org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication.run(SpringApplication.java:1246) [spring-boot-2.0.4.RELEASE.jar:2.0.4.RELEASE] at com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.Application.main(Application.java:15) [classes/:na] Caused by: org.springframework.context.annotation.ConflictingBeanDefinitionException: Annotation-specified bean name 'sameA' for bean class [com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.b.SameA] conflicts with existing, non-compatible bean definition of same name and class [com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.a.SameA] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner.checkCandidate(ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner.java:348) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner.doScan(ClassPathBeanDefinitionScanner.java:286) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScanAnnotationParser.parse(ComponentScanAnnotationParser.java:132) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.doProcessConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:288) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.processConfigurationClass(ConfigurationClassParser.java:245) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.parse(ConfigurationClassParser.java:202) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] at org.springframework.context.annotation.ConfigurationClassParser.parse(ConfigurationClassParser.java:170) ~[spring-context-5.0.8.RELEASE.jar:5.0.8.RELEASE] ... 12 common frames omitted 复制代码
如果真的出现了上面这个问题,该怎么解决呢?如果这些bean是我们可控的,最简单的方式就是不要同名,定义的时候指定beanName,如下
@Component("aSameA") public class SameA { private String text ; public SameA() { text = "a sameA!"; } public void print() { System.out.println(text); } } 复制代码
如果完全不可控呢?正如前面说的两个第三方服务我都得依赖,但是他们有同名的bean,怎么破?
一个解决方法就是排除掉其中一个同名的bean的自动加载,采用主动注册的方式注册这个bean
排除自动扫描的bean的方式如下,在启动类添加注解 @ComponentScan
并指定其中的 excludeFilters
属性
@SpringBootApplication @ComponentScan(excludeFilters = {@ComponentScan.Filter(type = FilterType.ASSIGNABLE_TYPE, classes = SameA.class)}) public class Application { public static void main(String[] args) { SpringApplication.run(Application.class, args); } } 复制代码
然后自定义一个bean的配置类
package com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename; import com.git.hui.boot.beanorder.choose.samename.a.SameA; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * Created by @author yihui in 22:14 18/10/22. */ @Configuration public class AutoConfig { @Bean public SameA mySameA() { return new SameA(); } } 复制代码
其他的代码和之前没有区别,再次执行,结果如下, 最后的输出为 a sameA!
,根据类型来选择了实例化的bean了
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