由于go语言是一个强类型的语言,因此hashmap也是有类型的,具体体现在key和value都必须指定类型,比如声明一个key为string,value也是string的map,
需要这样做
var m map[string]string // 声明一个hashmap,还不能直接使用,必须使用make来初始化 m = make(map[string]string) // 初始化一个map m = make(map[string]string, 3) // 初始化一个map并附带一个可选的初始bucket(非准确值,只是有提示意义) m := map[string]string{} // 声明并初始化 m := make(map[string]string) // 使用make来初始化
大部分类型都能做key,某些类型是不能的,共同的特点是: 不能使用== 来比较,包括: slice, map, function
m := map[string]int m["a"] = 1 fmt.Println(m["a"]) // 输出 1 // 如果访问一个不存在的key,返回类型默认值 fmt.Println(m["b"]) // 输出0 // 测试key是否存在 v, ok := m["b"] if ok { ... } // 删除一个key delete(m, "a")
// 只迭代key for k := range m { ... } // 同时迭代key-value for k, v := range m { ... }
在迭代的过程中是可以对map进行删除和更新操作的,规则如下:
golang的map是hash结构的,意味着平均访问时间是O(1)的。同传统的hashmap一样,由一个个bucket组成:
// A header for a Go map. type hmap struct { // Note: the format of the Hmap is encoded in ../../cmd/internal/gc/reflect.go and // ../reflect/type.go. Don't change this structure without also changing that code! count int // # live cells == size of map. Must be first (used by len() builtin) flags uint8 B uint8 // log_2 of # of buckets (can hold up to loadFactor * 2^B items) hash0 uint32 // hash seed buckets unsafe.Pointer // array of 2^B Buckets. may be nil if count==0. oldbuckets unsafe.Pointer // previous bucket array of half the size, non-nil only when growing nevacuate uintptr // progress counter for evacuation (buckets less than this have been evacuated) // If both key and value do not contain pointers and are inline, then we mark bucket // type as containing no pointers. This avoids scanning such maps. // However, bmap.overflow is a pointer. In order to keep overflow buckets // alive, we store pointers to all overflow buckets in hmap.overflow. // Overflow is used only if key and value do not contain pointers. // overflow[0] contains overflow buckets for hmap.buckets. // overflow[1] contains overflow buckets for hmap.oldbuckets. // The first indirection allows us to reduce static size of hmap. // The second indirection allows to store a pointer to the slice in hiter. overflow *[2]*[]*bmap }
// A bucket for a Go map. type bmap struct { tophash [bucketCnt]uint8 // Followed by bucketCnt keys and then bucketCnt values. // NOTE: packing all the keys together and then all the values together makes the // code a bit more complicated than alternating key/value/key/value/... but it allows // us to eliminate padding which would be needed for, e.g., map[int64]int8. // Followed by an overflow pointer. }
func mapaccess1(t *maptype, h *hmap, key unsafe.Pointer) unsafe.Pointer
那我们怎么访问到对应的bucket呢,我们需要得到对应key的hash值
alg := t.key.alg hash := alg.hash(key, uintptr(h.hash0)) m := uintptr(1)<<h.B - 1 b := (*bmap)(add(h.buckets, (hash&m)*uintptr(t.bucketsize)))
loadFactor | %overflow | bytes/entry | hitprobe | missprobe |
---|---|---|---|---|
4.00 | 2.13 | 20.77 | 3.00 | 4.00 |
4.50 | 4.05 | 17.30 | 3.25 | 4.50 |
5.00 | 6.85 | 14.77 | 3.50 | 5.00 |
5.50 | 10.55 | 12.94 | 3.75 | 5.50 |
6.00 | 15.27 | 11.67 | 4.00 | 6.00 |
6.50 | 20.90 | 10.79 | 4.25 | 6.50 |
7.00 | 27.14 | 10.15 | 4.50 | 7.00 |
7.50 | 34.03 | 9.73 | 4.75 | 7.50 |
8.00 | 41.10 | 9.40 | 5.00 | 8.00 |
各个参数的意思:
目前采用的是这一行:
| 6.50 | 20.90 | 10.79 | 4.25 | 6.50 |