在程序员的日常工作中,Web开发应该是占比很重的一部分,至少我工作以来,开发的系统基本都是Web端访问的系统,Web开发在这几年也是经历了很快的发展,前端也显得越来越重要,现在很多大一点的公司都实行前后端分离,让后端和前端只专注于自己的事,所谓术业有专攻,我个人也非常建议前后端分离。
既然前后端分离了,那么后端肯定需要提供Web Api接口给到前端,并返回前端需要的数据。
在Spring Boot中,开发Web Api接口主要使用以下几个注解:
其实,这些注解在Spring MVC里都有了,所以Spring Boot里的用法也和Spring MVC里基本一样。
在Spring Boot之所以能使用,是因为在spring-boot-starter-web 这个starter pom中,已经引用了spring-web和spring-webmvc。
接下来,我们通过具体例子来讲解下各个注解的使用方法。
新建控制器HelloController,添加@Controller注解,添加1个方法sayHello,添加@RequestMapping注解,代码如下:
package com.zwwhnly.springbootdemo.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; @Controller public class HelloController { @RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String sayHello() { return "hello"; } } 复制代码
运行项目,在浏览器输入http://localhost:8080/hello访问,发现报如下错误:
报错的原因是未找到对应的模板,那么如何解决呢?
我们先讲解下第一种解决方法,添加下thymeleaf模板,首先修改pom文件,添加如下配置:
<dependency> <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId> <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId> </dependency> 复制代码
如果没有设置自动导入maven包的话,IDEA右下角会提示你导入,点击“Import Changes”。
然后在resources/templates目录下,新建hello.html文件(内容先随便写),再次运行项目,访问http://localhost:8080/hello,发现访问正常:
还有一种更简单的方法是在控制器上添加@ResponseBody注解:
package com.zwwhnly.springbootdemo.controller; import org.springframework.stereotype.Controller; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.ResponseBody; @Controller @ResponseBody public class HelloController { @RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String sayHello() { return "hello"; } } 复制代码
此时的运行结果(直接返回字符串):
hello
@RestController是Spring4.0推出的组合注解,相当于@Controller+@ResponseBody,我们看下它的源码,也能看出:
@Target({ElementType.TYPE}) @Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME) @Documented @Controller @ResponseBody public @interface RestController { @AliasFor( annotation = Controller.class ) String value() default ""; } 复制代码
此时我们就可以将代码简化为:
@RestController public class HelloController { @RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String sayHello() { return "hello"; } } 复制代码
@RequestMapping注解主要用来配置url映射,既可以添加到控制器上,也可以添加到控制器下的方法上,添加到方法上是对添加到控制器上的补充,举例说明:
新建图书类Book:
package com.zwwhnly.springbootdemo.model; import java.text.ParseException; import java.text.SimpleDateFormat; import java.util.Date; public class Book { private Integer bookId; private String bookName; private String bookAuthor; private Date purchaseDate; public Book(Integer bookId, String bookName, String bookAuthor, String purchaseDate) throws ParseException { SimpleDateFormat simpleDateFormat = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd"); this.bookId = bookId; this.bookName = bookName; this.bookAuthor = bookAuthor; this.purchaseDate = simpleDateFormat.parse(purchaseDate); } public Integer getBookId() { return bookId; } public void setBookId(Integer bookId) { this.bookId = bookId; } public String getBookName() { return bookName; } public void setBookName(String bookName) { this.bookName = bookName; } public String getBookAuthor() { return bookAuthor; } public void setBookAuthor(String bookAuthor) { this.bookAuthor = bookAuthor; } public Date getPurchaseDate() { return purchaseDate; } public void setPurchaseDate(Date purchaseDate) { this.purchaseDate = purchaseDate; } } 复制代码
在HelloController中添加方法getBookList:
@RequestMapping(value = "/getBookList", method = RequestMethod.GET) public List<Book> getBookList() { List<Book> books = new ArrayList<>(); try { Book book1 = new Book(1, "平凡的世界", "路遥", "2010-01-01"); Book book2 = new Book(2, "人生", "路遥", "2011-01-01"); books.add(book1); books.add(book2); } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return books; } 复制代码
运行项目在浏览器输入http://localhost:8080/getBookList,结果为:
// 20190424140621 // http://localhost:8080/getBookList [ { "bookId": 1, "bookName": "平凡的世界", "bookAuthor": "路遥", "purchaseDate": "2009-12-31 16:00:00" }, { "bookId": 2, "bookName": "人生", "bookAuthor": "路遥", "purchaseDate": "2010-12-31 16:00:00" } ] 复制代码
然后我们在HelloController上也加上@RequestMapping注解:
package com.zwwhnly.springbootdemo.controller; import com.zwwhnly.springbootdemo.model.Book; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMethod; import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController; import java.text.ParseException; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; @RestController @RequestMapping(value = "hello") public class HelloController { @RequestMapping(value = "/hello", method = RequestMethod.GET) public String sayHello() { return "hello"; } @RequestMapping(value = "/getBookList", method = RequestMethod.GET) public List<Book> getBookList() { List<Book> books = new ArrayList<>(); try { Book book1 = new Book(1, "平凡的世界", "路遥", "2010-01-01"); Book book2 = new Book(2, "人生", "路遥", "2011-01-01"); books.add(book1); books.add(book2); } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return books; } } 复制代码
此时两个方法的访问地址就分别变为了: http://localhost:8080/hello/hello,http://localhost:8080/hello/getBookList。
@PathVariable注解用来获取url中的数据,以下为具体的使用方法,
在HelloController控制器中添加方法getBook,通过占位符传递bookId:
@RequestMapping(value = "/getBook/{bookId}", method = RequestMethod.GET) public Book getBook(@PathVariable Integer bookId) { Book book = null; List<Book> books = new ArrayList<>(); try { Book book1 = new Book(1, "平凡的世界", "路遥", "2010-01-01"); Book book2 = new Book(2, "人生", "路遥", "2011-01-01"); books.add(book1); books.add(book2); book = books.get(bookId - 1); } catch (ParseException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return book; } 复制代码
运行项目,在浏览器中访问http://localhost:8080/hello/getBook/1,结果如下:
// 20190424145348 // http://localhost:8080/hello/getBook/1 { "bookId": 1, "bookName": "平凡的世界", "bookAuthor": "路遥", "purchaseDate": "2009-12-31 16:00:00" } 复制代码
如果想不一致,可以写成如下方式:
@RequestMapping(value = "/getBook/{bookId}", method = RequestMethod.GET) public Book getBook(@PathVariable("bookId") Integer bookIndex) { ...... } 复制代码
这种方式也要求,PathVariable的value属性值必须与占位符里的名称完全一致。
好了,本篇文章就先讲解这么多,其它注解后续再单独发布文章讲解。