我们可以方便的利用Spring MVC进行业务开发,请求的大部分工作都被框架和容器封装,使得我们只需要做很少量的工作。但是整个http请求流程是怎么样的?Spring MVC框架在其中起到什么作用?它是怎么和Web容器进行交互的?Controller中的一个方法怎么被暴露出来提供http请求服务的?本着这些想法,我们对整个http请求过程进行讨索。全文以 spring-mvc-demo 为例
整个过程包括三部分:应用启动、请求路由与处理、请求返回。
应用启动:web容器初始化(context建立等)、应用初始化(初始化handlerMap)。
请求路由与处理:请求路由(根据url找到Context、根据context找到dispatcherServlet、根据url找到handler、根据url找到handler的方法)、method反射调用获取ModelAndView。
请求返回:逻辑视图到物理视图的转换、物理视图的渲染、视图返回。
具体流程如下:
系统启动:
1、web容器自己去将contextPath、docBase设置到一个context里面,这里面的一个context就是对应一个web应用。
2、web容器会根据docBase的值去获取web.xml,并解析它来获取servlet信息,并设置web容器启动完毕的监听器。
3、web容器启动后,会触发spring mvc容器的启动,spring mvc容器启动时,会解析controller,并将@RequestMapping、@GetMapping、@PostMapping的值设置到handlerMap中,方便后续请求路由。
请求发送:
1、外部发送请求( http://localhost:8080/spring-mvc-demo/user/register )时,请求会被转发到web容器(这里以tomcat为例),实际上就是tomcat与客户端建立了socket链接。
2、根据url,tomcat会对应的host,host找到context,context找到对应的servlet(这里为dispatcherServlet)。
3、dispatcherServlet会根据url,在handlerMap中去查到到对应的handler,然后将handler转化为handlerAdapter。
4、AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter会调用ServletHandlerMethodInvoker.invokeHandlerMethod方法,ServletHandlerMethodInvoker会通过反射的方式去调用controller的对应方法。
请求返回:
1、根据controller的返回,获取对应的ModelAndView。
2、DispatcherServlet的resolveViewName方法会将逻辑视图转换为物理视图。
3、org.springframework.web.servlet.view.AbstractView#render方法会进行视图渲染工作,具体的渲染视图为org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView
4、jsp文件会被编译成一个servlet,然后,jspServlet会调用service方法,最后会将视图写到客户端。
我们通过shell脚本调用gradle的tomcatRun方法来启动应用,然后在本地debug的方式来获取运行参数。在org.apache.catalina.startup.Tomcat#addWebapp(org.apache.catalina.Host, java.lang.String, java.lang.String)的方法上打断点,获取信息如下:
这里的listener为ContextConfig,它会监听容器相关事件,其中一项工作就是监听tomcat启动后去解析web.xml。也可以看出contextPath、docBase的值。
被调用的addWebapp方法就是初始化context,并将context添加到host中。具体如下:
public Context addWebapp(Host host, String contextPath, String docBase, LifecycleListener config) { silence(host, contextPath); Context ctx = createContext(host, contextPath); ctx.setPath(contextPath); ctx.setDocBase(docBase); ctx.addLifecycleListener(new DefaultWebXmlListener()); ctx.setConfigFile(getWebappConfigFile(docBase, contextPath)); ctx.addLifecycleListener(config); if (config instanceof ContextConfig) { // prevent it from looking ( if it finds one - it'll have dup error ) ((ContextConfig) config).setDefaultWebXml(noDefaultWebXmlPath()); } if (host == null) { getHost().addChild(ctx); } else { host.addChild(ctx); } return ctx; }
通过在ContextConfig的lifecycleEvent方法是监听系统事件的入口:
public void lifecycleEvent(LifecycleEvent event) { // Identify the context we are associated with try { context = (Context) event.getLifecycle(); } catch (ClassCastException e) { log.error(sm.getString("contextConfig.cce", event.getLifecycle()), e); return; } // Process the event that has occurred if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.CONFIGURE_START_EVENT)) { configureStart(); } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.BEFORE_START_EVENT)) { beforeStart(); } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.AFTER_START_EVENT)) { // Restore docBase for management tools if (originalDocBase != null) { context.setDocBase(originalDocBase); } } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.CONFIGURE_STOP_EVENT)) { configureStop(); } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.AFTER_INIT_EVENT)) { init(); } else if (event.getType().equals(Lifecycle.AFTER_DESTROY_EVENT)) { destroy(); } }
通过在这个方法上打断点,在监听到after_init事件后,我们可以看到context的servletMappings的值如下:
对照web.xml的配置:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <web-app version="2.5" xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_2_5.xsd"> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>classpath:/applicationContext.xml</param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class> </listener> <servlet> <servlet-name>smart</servlet-name> <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class> <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>smart</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <welcome-file-list> <welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file> </welcome-file-list> </web-app>
可以看到,DispatcherServlet被加载到context中,因此,该context中的“/”请求会被分配给DispatcherServlet处理。
在org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.AbstractDetectingUrlHandlerMapping#detectHandlers上打断点,我们可以看见org.springframework.web.servlet.handler.BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping和org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping会被用来检测handler。
其中BeanNameUrlHandlerMapping的检测方式如下:
protected String[] determineUrlsForHandler(String beanName) { List<String> urls = new ArrayList<String>(); if (beanName.startsWith("/")) { urls.add(beanName); } String[] aliases = getApplicationContext().getAliases(beanName); for (String alias : aliases) { if (alias.startsWith("/")) { urls.add(alias); } } return StringUtils.toStringArray(urls); }
它会检测到如下类型的handler
@Controller("/person") public class PersonController{}
DefaultAnnotationHandlerMapping的检测方式如下:
@Override protected String[] determineUrlsForHandler(String beanName) { ApplicationContext context = getApplicationContext(); Class<?> handlerType = context.getType(beanName); RequestMapping mapping = context.findAnnotationOnBean(beanName, RequestMapping.class); if (mapping != null) { // @RequestMapping found at type level this.cachedMappings.put(handlerType, mapping); Set<String> urls = new LinkedHashSet<String>(); String[] typeLevelPatterns = mapping.value(); if (typeLevelPatterns.length > 0) { // @RequestMapping specifies paths at type level String[] methodLevelPatterns = determineUrlsForHandlerMethods(handlerType, true); for (String typeLevelPattern : typeLevelPatterns) { if (!typeLevelPattern.startsWith("/")) { typeLevelPattern = "/" + typeLevelPattern; } boolean hasEmptyMethodLevelMappings = false; for (String methodLevelPattern : methodLevelPatterns) { if (methodLevelPattern == null) { hasEmptyMethodLevelMappings = true; } else { String combinedPattern = getPathMatcher().combine(typeLevelPattern, methodLevelPattern); addUrlsForPath(urls, combinedPattern); } } if (hasEmptyMethodLevelMappings || org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.Controller.class.isAssignableFrom(handlerType)) { addUrlsForPath(urls, typeLevelPattern); } } return StringUtils.toStringArray(urls); } else { // actual paths specified by @RequestMapping at method level return determineUrlsForHandlerMethods(handlerType, false); } } else if (AnnotationUtils.findAnnotation(handlerType, Controller.class) != null) { // @RequestMapping to be introspected at method level return determineUrlsForHandlerMethods(handlerType, false); } else { return null; } }
即根据@RequestMapping来检测url,检测到url后,会将url为key,对应的controller为value放到handlerMap中。
在org.apache.catalina.mapper.Mapper#internalMap方法中,会根据url去查找host和context。
这里的host为localhost,根据这个去hosts列表中查找对应的host。
再在查找到的host的contextlist中去查找context。找到后,会将context的信息设置到mappingData
获取到context后,在根据请求url以及context中的servletMapping就可以得到对应的servlet,之后就会调用对应的servlet的service方法。以请求http://localhost:8080/spring-mvc-demo/user/register(get方法)为例,会调用org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet#doGet方法,顺着流程,就会走到DispatcherServlet的doDispatch方法了。
protected void doService(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exception { if (logger.isDebugEnabled()) { String requestUri = urlPathHelper.getRequestUri(request); String resumed = WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).hasConcurrentResult() ? " resumed" : ""; logger.debug("DispatcherServlet with name '" + getServletName() + "'" + resumed + " processing " + request.getMethod() + " request for [" + requestUri + "]"); } // Keep a snapshot of the request attributes in case of an include, // to be able to restore the original attributes after the include. Map<String, Object> attributesSnapshot = null; if (WebUtils.isIncludeRequest(request)) { logger.debug("Taking snapshot of request attributes before include"); attributesSnapshot = new HashMap<String, Object>(); Enumeration<?> attrNames = request.getAttributeNames(); while (attrNames.hasMoreElements()) { String attrName = (String) attrNames.nextElement(); if (this.cleanupAfterInclude || attrName.startsWith("org.springframework.web.servlet")) { attributesSnapshot.put(attrName, request.getAttribute(attrName)); } } } // Make framework objects available to handlers and view objects. request.setAttribute(WEB_APPLICATION_CONTEXT_ATTRIBUTE, getWebApplicationContext()); request.setAttribute(LOCALE_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.localeResolver); request.setAttribute(THEME_RESOLVER_ATTRIBUTE, this.themeResolver); request.setAttribute(THEME_SOURCE_ATTRIBUTE, getThemeSource()); FlashMap inputFlashMap = this.flashMapManager.retrieveAndUpdate(request, response); if (inputFlashMap != null) { request.setAttribute(INPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, Collections.unmodifiableMap(inputFlashMap)); } request.setAttribute(OUTPUT_FLASH_MAP_ATTRIBUTE, new FlashMap()); request.setAttribute(FLASH_MAP_MANAGER_ATTRIBUTE, this.flashMapManager); try { doDispatch(request, response); } finally { if (WebAsyncUtils.getAsyncManager(request).isConcurrentHandlingStarted()) { return; } // Restore the original attribute snapshot, in case of an include. if (attributesSnapshot != null) { restoreAttributesAfterInclude(request, attributesSnapshot); } } }
在前文说过,handler会被放到handlerMap中,key为请求的url。
请求处理已经在《 Spring MVC请求处理流程分析 》说过,就不再详述了。
视图渲染在方法:org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet#render中进行,具体如下:
我们配置的视图为:org.springframework.web.servlet.view.JstlView,它会将视图渲染后,然后,通过JspServlet的service方法将视图通过writer.out输出到客户端。
我们打开register_jsp.java文件,其所在目录如下:
其service方法内容如下:
public void _jspService(final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest request, final javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse response) throws java.io.IOException, javax.servlet.ServletException { final java.lang.String _jspx_method = request.getMethod(); if (!"GET".equals(_jspx_method) && !"POST".equals(_jspx_method) && !"HEAD".equals(_jspx_method) && !javax.servlet.DispatcherType.ERROR.equals(request.getDispatcherType())) { response.sendError(HttpServletResponse.SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED, "JSPs only permit GET POST or HEAD"); return; } final javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext pageContext; javax.servlet.http.HttpSession session = null; final javax.servlet.ServletContext application; final javax.servlet.ServletConfig config; javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter out = null; final java.lang.Object page = this; javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter _jspx_out = null; javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext _jspx_page_context = null; try { response.setContentType("text/html; charset=UTF-8"); pageContext = _jspxFactory.getPageContext(this, request, response, null, true, 8192, true); _jspx_page_context = pageContext; application = pageContext.getServletContext(); config = pageContext.getServletConfig(); session = pageContext.getSession(); out = pageContext.getOut(); _jspx_out = out; out.write("/n"); out.write("/n"); out.write("/n"); out.write("<html>/n"); out.write("<head>/n"); out.write(" <title>新增用户</title>/n"); out.write("</head>/n"); out.write("<body>/n"); out.write("<form method=/"post/" action=/""); if (_jspx_meth_c_005furl_005f0(_jspx_page_context)) return; out.write("/">/n"); out.write(" <table>/n"); out.write(" <tr>/n"); out.write(" <td>用户名:</td>/n"); out.write(" <td><input type=/"text/" name=/"userName/" value=/""); out.write((java.lang.String) org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate("${user.userName}", java.lang.String.class, (javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext)_jspx_page_context, null)); out.write("/"/></td>/n"); out.write(" </tr>/n"); out.write(" <tr>/n"); out.write(" <td>密码:</td>/n"); out.write(" <td><input type=/"password/" name=/"password/" value=/""); out.write((java.lang.String) org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate("${user.password}", java.lang.String.class, (javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext)_jspx_page_context, null)); out.write("/"/></td>/n"); out.write(" </tr>/n"); out.write(" <tr>/n"); out.write(" <td>姓名:</td>/n"); out.write(" <td><input type=/"text/" name=/"realName/" value=/""); out.write((java.lang.String) org.apache.jasper.runtime.PageContextImpl.proprietaryEvaluate("${user.realName}", java.lang.String.class, (javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext)_jspx_page_context, null)); out.write("/"/></td>/n"); out.write(" </tr>/n"); out.write(" <tr>/n"); out.write(" <td colspan=/"2/"><input type=/"submit/" name=/"提交/"/></td>/n"); out.write(" </tr>/n"); out.write(" </table>/n"); out.write("</form>/n"); out.write("</body>/n"); out.write("</html>"); } catch (java.lang.Throwable t) { if (!(t instanceof javax.servlet.jsp.SkipPageException)){ out = _jspx_out; if (out != null && out.getBufferSize() != 0) try { if (response.isCommitted()) { out.flush(); } else { out.clearBuffer(); } } catch (java.io.IOException e) {} if (_jspx_page_context != null) _jspx_page_context.handlePageException(t); else throw new ServletException(t); } } finally { _jspxFactory.releasePageContext(_jspx_page_context); } }
因此,我们可以猜测,register.jsp被渲染后,通过writer.out方法将视图输出到客户端的。