从Spring3.0,@Configuration用于定义配置类,可替换xml配置文件,被注解的类内部包含有一个或多个被@Bean注解的方法,这些方法将会被AnnotationConfigApplicationContext或AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext类进行扫描,并用于构建bean定义,初始化Spring容器。
注意:@Configuration注解的配置类有如下要求:
@Configuration标注在类上,相当于把该类作为spring的xml配置文件中的,作用为:配置spring容器(应用上下文)
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:44 */ @Configuration public class TestConfig { public TestConfig(){ System.out.println("testconfig collection init success"); } } 复制代码
相当于
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context" xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc" xmlns:jee="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee" xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx" xmlns:util="http://www.springframework.org/schema/util" xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task" xsi:schemaLocation=" http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/context http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee http://www.springframework.org/schema/jee/spring-jee-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/util http://www.springframework.org/schema/util/spring-util-4.0.xsd http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task-4.0.xsd" default-lazy-init="false"> </beans> 复制代码
主方法进行测试:
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; import org.springframework.context.ApplicationContext; import org.springframework.context.annotation.AnnotationConfigApplicationContext; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:46 */ public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); } } 复制代码
从运行主方法结果可以看出,spring容器已经启动了:
WARNING: All illegal access operations will be denied in a future release testconfig collection init success Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
@Bean标注在方法上(返回某个实例的方法),等价于spring的xml配置文件中的,作用为:注册bean对象
bean类:
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:54 */ public class TestBean { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean sayHello..."); } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean init..."); } public void cleanup() { System.out.println("TestBean destroy..."); } } 复制代码
配置类:为TestConfig类添加方法
// @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法 // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup") //name属性相当于<bean>标签的id @Bean @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } } 复制代码
测试:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new // ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); //获取bean TestBean testBean = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); testBean.sayHello(); } } 结果: testconfig collection init success TestBean sayHello... Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
注:
(1)、@Bean注解在返回实例的方法上,如果未通过@Bean指定bean的名称,则默认与标注的方法名相同(第一个单词转小写);
(2)、@Bean注解默认作用域为单例singleton作用域,可通过@Scope(“prototype”)设置为原型作用域;
(3)、既然@Bean的作用是注册bean对象,那么完全可以使用@Component、@Controller、@Service、@Ripository等注解注册bean,当然需要配置@ComponentScan注解进行自动扫描。
scope属性
1). singleton属性值(掌握):默认值,单例
2). prototype属性值(掌握):多例(原型作用域)
3). request属性值(了解):创建对象,把对象放到request域里
4). session属性值(了解):创建对象,把对象放到session域里
5). globalSession属性值(了解):创建对象,把对象放到globalSession域里
@Bean下管理bean的生命周期
可以使用基于 Java 的配置来管理 bean 的生命周期。@Bean 支持两种属性,即 initMethod 和destroyMethod,这些属性可用于定义生命周期方法。在实例化 bean 或即将销毁它时,容器便可调用生命周期方法。生命周期方法也称为回调方法,因为它将由容器调用。使用 @Bean 注释注册的 bean 也支持 JSR-250 规定的标准 @PostConstruct 和 @PreDestroy 注解。如果您正在使用 XML 方法来定义 bean,那么就应该使用 bean 元素来定义生命周期回调方法。以下代码显示了在 XML 配置中通常使用 bean 元素定义回调的方法。
//@Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法 @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanUp") @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } 复制代码
启动测试类:
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); System.out.println(tb); TestBean tb2 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); System.out.println(tb2); } } 结果: testconfig collection init success TestBean init... com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean@5852c06f TestBean init... com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean@4149c063 Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
分析:
结果中的1:表明initMethod生效
结果中的2:表明@Scope("prototype")生效
bean类
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; import org.springframework.stereotype.Component; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:54 */ //添加注册bean的注解 @Component public class TestBean { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean sayHello..."); } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean init..."); } public void cleanup() { System.out.println("TestBean destroy..."); } } 复制代码
配置类:
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ComponentScan; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 14:44 */ @Configuration //添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径 @ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config") public class TestConfig { public TestConfig(){ System.out.println("testconfig collection init success"); } // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法 // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup") //// @Bean // @Scope("prototype") // public TestBean testBean() { // return new TestBean(); // } } 复制代码
主方法测试获取bean对象:
public class Main { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); //获取bean TestBean testBean1 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); testBean1.sayHello(); } } 结果: testconfig collection init success TestBean sayHello... Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
sayHello()方法被正常调用
public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfiguration.class); //获取bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); } 复制代码
public static void main(String[] args) { ApplicationContext ctx = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(); ctx.register(AppContext.class) } 复制代码
过去,您通常要利用 XmlWebApplicationContext 上下文来配置 Spring Web 应用程序,即在 Web 部署描述符文件 web.xml 中指定外部 XML 上下文文件的路径。XMLWebApplicationContext 是 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文类。以下代码描述了 web.xml 中指向将由 ContextLoaderListener 监听器类载入的外部 XML 上下文文件的元素。
<web-app> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value>/WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class> </listener> <servlet> <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </servlet-class> </servlet> ... </web-app> 复制代码
现在,您要将 web.xml 中的上述代码更改为使用 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。切记,XmlWebApplicationContext 是 Spring 为 Web 应用程序使用的默认上下文实现,因此您永远不必在您的web.xml 文件中显式指定这个上下文类。现在,您将使用基于 Java 的配置,因此在配置 Web 应用程序时,需要在web.xml 文件中指定 AnnotationConfigApplicationContext 类。上述代码将修改如下:
<web-app> <context-param> <param-name>contextClass</param-name> <param-value> org.springframework.web.context. support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext </param-value> </context-param> <context-param> <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name> <param-value> demo.AppContext </param-value> </context-param> <listener> <listener-class> org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener </listener-class> </listener> <servlet> <servlet-name>sampleServlet</servlet-name> <servlet-class> org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet </servlet-class> <init-param> <param-name>contextClass</param-name> <param-value> org.springframework.web.context. support.AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext </param-value> </init-param> </servlet> ... </web-app> 复制代码
以上修改后的 web.xml 现在定义了 AnnotationConfigWebApplicationContext 上下文类,并将其作为上下文参数和 servlet 元素的一部分。上下文配置位置现在指向 AppContext 配置类。这非常简单。下一节将演示 bean 的生命周期回调和范围的实现。
@Configuation等价于
@Bean等价于
@ComponentScan等价于<context:component-scan base-package="com.dxz.demo"/>
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; import org.springframework.context.annotation.Configuration; import org.springframework.context.annotation.ImportResource; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 20:31 */ @Configuration @ImportResource("classpath:configtest.xml") public class WebConfig { public WebConfig(){ System.out.println("WebConfig coolection init success"); } } 复制代码
TestBean2:
package com.cqupt.meeting.config; /** * @Author: ranjun * @Date: 2019/5/12 20:32 */ public class TestBean2 { private String username; private String url; private String password; public void setUsername(String username) { this.username = username; } public void setUrl(String url) { this.url = url; } public void setPassword(String password) { this.password = password; } public void sayHello() { System.out.println("TestBean2 sayHello..."+username); } public void start() { System.out.println("TestBean2 init..."); } public void cleanUp() { System.out.println("TestBean2 destroy..."); } } 复制代码
configtest.xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <beans xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd"> <bean id="testBean2" class="com.cqupt.meeting.config.TestBean2"> <property name="username" value="ranjun"></property> </bean> </beans> 复制代码
测试类:
public class TestMain2 { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); // 获取bean TestBean2 tb = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2"); tb.sayHello(); } } 结果: WebConfig coolection init success TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
@Configuration @ImportResource("classpath:configtest.xml") @Import(TestConfig.class) public class WebConfig { public WebConfig(){ System.out.println("WebConfig coolection init success"); } } 复制代码
TestConfig:
@Configuration //添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径 //@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config") public class TestConfig { public TestConfig(){ System.out.println("testconfig collection init success"); } // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法 // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup") @Bean @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } } 复制代码
测试类:
public class TestMain2 { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(WebConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); // 获取bean TestBean tb = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); tb.sayHello(); TestBean2 tb2 = (TestBean2) context.getBean("testBean2"); tb2.sayHello(); } } 结果: WebConfig coolection init success testconfig collection init success TestBean sayHello... TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
可以看到三个容器都成功启动了
通过配置类嵌套的配置类,达到组合多个配置类的目的。==但注意内部类必须是静态类==。
上代码:
@Configuration //添加自动扫描注解,basePackages为TestBean包路径 //@ComponentScan(basePackages = "com.cqupt.meeting.config") public class TestConfig { public TestConfig(){ System.out.println("testconfig collection init success"); } // @Bean注解注册bean,同时可以指定初始化和销毁方法 // @Bean(name="testBean",initMethod="start",destroyMethod="cleanup") @Bean @Scope("prototype") public TestBean testBean() { return new TestBean(); } @Configuration static class InnerConfig { @Bean TestBean2 testBean2() { TestBean2 testBean2 = new TestBean2(); testBean2.setUsername("ranjun"); return testBean2; } } } 复制代码
测试类:
public class TestMain { public static void main(String[] args) { // @Configuration注解的spring容器加载方式,用AnnotationConfigApplicationContext替换ClassPathXmlApplicationContext ApplicationContext context = new AnnotationConfigApplicationContext(TestConfig.class); // 如果加载spring-context.xml文件: // ApplicationContext context = new ClassPathXmlApplicationContext("spring-context.xml"); //获取bean TestBean testBean1 = (TestBean) context.getBean("testBean"); testBean1.sayHello(); TestBean2 testBean2 = (TestBean2)context.getBean("testBean2"); testBean2.sayHello(); } } 结果: testconfig collection init success TestBean sayHello... TestBean2 sayHello...ranjun Process finished with exit code 0 复制代码
配合@Configuration使用,包括 @EnableAsync, @EnableScheduling, @EnableTransactionManagement, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, @EnableWebMvc。
@EnableAspectJAutoProxy--- spring AOP 之二:@AspectJ注解的3种配置
@EnableScheduling-- 《Spring 3.1新特性之二:@Enable*注解的源码,spring源码分析之定时任务Scheduled注解