在应用开发中总是会遇到需要对方法进行加锁的场景,java中为我们提供了两种加锁方式,一是synchronized,二是lock方式。那么在实际开发中我们应该选取哪种加锁方式呢
通过阅读本篇文章,你将了解到:
| 锁 | synchronize | ReentrantLock | 
|---|---|---|
| 加锁释放锁方式 | 使用者无需关心,自动加锁、释放锁 | 显式加锁、释放锁,必须调用lock方法获取锁,调用unlock方法释放锁 | 
| 中断 | 不可响应中断 | 可响应中断 | 
| 超时获取锁 | 不允许 | 允许 | 
| 是否可以实现公平锁 | 否,默认就为非公平锁 | 是,通过构造函数指定是否为公平锁,默认为非公平锁,传入true为公平锁 | 
| 实现方式 | JVM级别 | API级别 | 
ReentrantLock相比synchronized更灵活一些
ReentrantLock是Lock接口的其中一个实现类,Lock接口中定义的方法有:
lock和tryLock方法除了返回值不一样以外,lock获取到的锁是不可响应中断的,而tryLock获取到的锁是可响应中断的。除此以外tryLock(long time, TimeUnit unit)获取到的锁也是可响应中断,即获取锁的方法中只有lock方法获取到的锁是不可以响应中断的
public class ReentrantLockLockInterruptiblyTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Thread thread = new Thread(new Task());
        thread.start();
        Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);  //执行三秒后中断线程
        thread.interrupt();
    }
    public static class Task implements Runnable {
        Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        public Task () {
            new Thread(() -> {
                try {
                    lockMethod();
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    e.printStackTrace();
                }
            }).start();
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                lockMethod();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
            System.out.println("End...");
        }
        private void lockMethod() throws InterruptedException {
            lock.lockInterruptibly();
            try {
                //模拟长时间不释放锁
                while (true) {}
            } finally {
                lock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
}
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 执行结果:
java.lang.InterruptedException at java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.doAcquireInterruptibly(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:898) at java.util.concurrent.locks.AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.acquireInterruptibly(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer.java:1222) at java.util.concurrent.locks.ReentrantLock.lockInterruptibly(ReentrantLock.java:335) at com.h2t.study.concurrent.lock.ReentrantLockLockInterruptiblyTest$Task.lockMethod(ReentrantLockLockInterruptiblyTest.java:45) at com.h2t.study.concurrent.lock.ReentrantLockLockInterruptiblyTest$Task.run(ReentrantLockLockInterruptiblyTest.java:37) at java.lang.Thread.run(Thread.java:748) End... 复制代码
中断成功
public class SynchronizedBlock {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        Thread thread = new Thread(new Task());
        thread.start();
        Thread.sleep(3 * 1000);  //执行三秒后中断线程
        thread.interrupt();
        System.out.println(thread.isInterrupted());
    }
    public static class Task implements Runnable {
        public Task() {
            new Thread() {
                public void run() {
                    f();
                }
            }.start();
        }
        public synchronized void f() {
            while (true) {
            }
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            f();
            System.out.println("End");
        }
    }
}
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 控制台永远不会抛出异常、打印出End
对于synchronized来说,如果一个线程在等待锁,调用中断线程的方法,不会生效即不响应中断。而lock可以响应中断
public class ReentrantLockTryLockTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        for (int i = 0; i < 2; i++) {
            es.execute(new Task(i));
        }
    }
    private static class Task implements Runnable {
        private static Lock lock = new ReentrantLock();
        private int i;
        public Task(int i) {
            this.i = i;
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            try {
                lockMethod();
            } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                e.printStackTrace();
            }
        }
        //每次只允许一个线程调用
        private void lockMethod() throws InterruptedException {
            long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
            //2s内获得锁
            if (lock.tryLock(2, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) {
                System.out.println(String.format("i = %d 获取到锁,耗时:%d", i, System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
                try {
                    Thread.sleep(1000 * 60 * 1);  //睡眠1分钟
                } finally {
                    lock.unlock();
                }
            } else {
                System.out.println(String.format("i = %d 获取到锁失败,耗时:%d", i, System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
            }
        }
    }
}
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 run方法中调用了加锁的方法,加锁方法中尝试在2s内获得锁 执行结果:
i = 0 获取到锁,耗时:0 i = 1 获取到锁失败,耗时:2001 复制代码
public class ReentrantLockFairTest {
    //通过传入true创建一个公平锁
    private static Lock fairLock = new ReentrantLock(true);
    //非公平锁,默认为非公平锁
    private static Lock unfairLock = new ReentrantLock();
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService unfairEs = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        ExecutorService fairEs = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            unfairEs.execute(new UnfairTask(i));
            fairEs.execute(new FairTask(i));
        }
    }
    /**
     * 非公平锁任务
     * */
    private static class UnfairTask implements Runnable {
        private int i;
        public UnfairTask(int i) {
            this.i = i;
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            unfairLock.lock();
            try {
                System.out.println(String.format("unfairTask i = %d is running", i));
            } finally {
                unfairLock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
    /**
     * 公平锁任务
     * */
    private static class FairTask implements Runnable {
        private int i;
        public FairTask(int i) {
            this.i = i;
        }
        @Override
        public void run() {
            fairLock.lock();
            try {
                System.out.println(String.format("fairTask i = %d is running", i));
            } finally {
                fairLock.unlock();
            }
        }
    }
}
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 执行结果:
unfairTask i = 0 is running fairTask i = 0 is running unfairTask i = 1 is running fairTask i = 1 is running unfairTask i = 2 is running fairTask i = 3 is running unfairTask i = 3 is running fairTask i = 2 is running fairTask i = 4 is running unfairTask i = 4 is running 复制代码
公平锁先到先得,因此执行顺序是有序的。非公平锁如果后来提交的线程刚好获取释放掉的锁将获得锁先执行,因此结果执行顺序是无序的
public class SynchronizedUnfairTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ExecutorService unfairEs = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
            unfairEs.execute(new UnfairTask(i));
        }
    }
    /**
     * 非公平锁任务
     * */
    private static class UnfairTask implements Runnable {
        private int i;
        public UnfairTask(int i) {
            this.i = i;
        }
        @Override
        public synchronized void run() {
            System.out.println(String.format("unfairTask i = %d is running", i));
        }
    }
}
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 执行结果:
unfairTask i = 1 is running unfairTask i = 0 is running unfairTask i = 3 is running unfairTask i = 2 is running unfairTask i = 4 is running 复制代码
synchronized默认为非公平锁,并且只能是非公平锁,因此执行结果顺序是无序的
public class ReentrantLockTask implements Runnable {
    private int i;
    public ReentrantLockTask(int i) {
        this.i = i;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        lockMethod();
    }
    ReentrantLock lock = new ReentrantLock();
    private void lockMethod() {
        int sum = 0;
        lock.lock();
        try {
            for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
                sum += j;
            }
        } finally {
            lock.unlock();
        }
    }
}
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 public class SynchronizedLockTask implements Runnable {
    private int i;
    public SynchronizedLockTask(int i) {
        this.i = i;
    }
    @Override
    public void run() {
        lockMethod();
    }
    private synchronized void lockMethod() {
        int sum = 0;
        for (int j = 0; j < 10; j++) {
            sum += j;
        }
    }
}
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 public class PerformTest {
    public static void main(String[] args) {
        for (int i = 100; i < 1000000000; i = i * 10) {
            reentrantLockTest(i);
            synchronizedLockTest(i);
        }
    }
    /**
     * 循环执行的次数
     * */
    private static void reentrantLockTest(int time) {
        ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < time; i++) {
            es.execute(new ReentrantLockTask(i));
        }
        System.out.println(String.format("ReentrantLockTest time = %d Spend %d", time, System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
    }
    private static void synchronizedLockTest(int time) {
        ExecutorService es = Executors.newCachedThreadPool();
        long start = System.currentTimeMillis();
        for (int i = 0; i < time; i++) {
            es.execute(new SynchronizedLockTask(i));
        }
        System.out.println(String.format("SynchronizedLockTest time = %d Spend %d", time, System.currentTimeMillis() - start));
    }
}
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 循环执行任务,统计循环任务的耗时
ReentrantLockTest time = 100 Spend 6 SynchronizedLockTest time = 100 Spend 2 ReentrantLockTest time = 1000 Spend 7 SynchronizedLockTest time = 1000 Spend 14 ReentrantLockTest time = 10000 Spend 42 SynchronizedLockTest time = 10000 Spend 29 ReentrantLockTest time = 100000 Spend 186 SynchronizedLockTest time = 100000 Spend 156 ReentrantLockTest time = 1000000 Spend 1428 SynchronizedLockTest time = 1000000 Spend 1006 ReentrantLockTest time = 10000000 Spend 9716 SynchronizedLockTest time = 10000000 Spend 9791 ReentrantLockTest time = 100000000 Spend 97928 SynchronizedLockTest time = 100000000 Spend 99804 复制代码
synchronized和ReentrantLock性能相差不大,分不出谁好谁不好
synchronized和ReentrantLock性能差不多, 当且仅当synchronized无法满足的情景下使用ReentrantLock ,因为ReentrantLock需要显式释放锁,同时synchronized是JVM级别的,JVM能对其进行优化,而Reentrant是API级别的不会有任何优化。synchronized无法满足的情景:
最后附: 示例代码
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