Spring5带来了新的响应式web开发框架WebFlux,同时,也引入了新的HttpClient框架WebClient。WebClient是Spring5中引入的执行 HTTP 请求的非阻塞、反应式客户端。它对同步和异步以及流方案都有很好的支持,WebClient发布后,RestTemplate将在将来版本中弃用,并且不会向前添加主要新功能。
WebClient是一个功能完善的Http请求客户端,与RestTemplate相比,WebClient支持以下内容:
Spring5的WebClient客户端和WebFlux服务器都依赖于相同的非阻塞编解码器来编码和解码请求和响应内容。默认底层使用Netty,内置支持Jetty反应性HttpClient实现。同时,也可以通过编码的方式实现ClientHttpConnector接口自定义新的底层库;如切换Jetty实现:
WebClient.builder() .clientConnector(new JettyClientHttpConnector()) .build();
WebClient实例构造器可以设置一些基础的全局的web请求配置信息,比如默认的cookie、header、baseUrl等
WebClient.builder() .defaultCookie("kl","kl") .defaultUriVariables(ImmutableMap.of("name","kl")) .defaultHeader("header","kl") .defaultHeaders(httpHeaders -> { httpHeaders.add("header1","kl"); httpHeaders.add("header2","kl"); }) .defaultCookies(cookie ->{ cookie.add("cookie1","kl"); cookie.add("cookie2","kl"); }) .baseUrl("http://www.kailing.pub") .build();
通过定制Netty底层库,可以配置SSl安全连接,以及请求超时,读写超时等
HttpClient httpClient = HttpClient.create() .secure(sslContextSpec -> { SslContextBuilder sslContextBuilder = SslContextBuilder.forClient() .trustManager(new File("E://server.truststore")); sslContextSpec.sslContext(sslContextBuilder); }).tcpConfiguration(tcpClient -> { tcpClient.doOnConnected(connection -> //读写超时设置 connection.addHandlerLast(new ReadTimeoutHandler(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS)) .addHandlerLast(new WriteTimeoutHandler(10)) ); //连接超时设置 tcpClient.option(ChannelOption.CONNECT_TIMEOUT_MILLIS, 10000) .option(ChannelOption.TCP_NODELAY,true); return tcpClient; }); WebClient.builder() .clientConnector(new ReactorClientHttpConnector(httpClient)) .build();
针对特定的数据交互格式,可以设置自定义编解码的模式,如下:
ExchangeStrategies strategies = ExchangeStrategies.builder() .codecs(configurer -> { configurer.customCodecs().decoder(new Jackson2JsonDecoder()); configurer.customCodecs().encoder(new Jackson2JsonEncoder()); }) .build(); WebClient.builder() .exchangeStrategies(strategies) .build();
uri构造时支持属性占位符,真实参数在入参时排序好就可以。同时可以通过accept设置媒体类型,以及编码。最终的结果值是通过Mono和Flux来接收的,在subscribe方法中订阅返回值。
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); Mono<String> result = client.get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .attributes(attr -> { attr.put("name", "kl"); attr.put("age", "28"); }) .acceptCharset(StandardCharsets.UTF_8) .accept(MediaType.TEXT_HTML) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); result.subscribe(System.err::println);
post请求示例演示了一个比较复杂的场景,同时包含表单参数和文件流数据。如果是普通post请求,直接通过bodyValue设置对象实例即可。不用FormInserter构造。
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); FormInserter formInserter = fromMultipartData("name","kl") .with("age",19) .with("map",ImmutableMap.of("xx","xx")) .with("file",new File("E://xxx.doc")); Mono<String> result = client.post() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .contentType(MediaType.APPLICATION_JSON) .body(formInserter) //.bodyValue(ImmutableMap.of("name","kl")) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); result.subscribe(System.err::println);
上面演示的都是异步的通过mono的subscribe订阅响应值。当然,如果你想同步阻塞获取结果,也可以通过.block()阻塞当前线程获取返回值。
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); String result = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 256) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class) .block(); System.err.println(result);
但是,如果需要进行多个调用,则更高效地方式是避免单独阻塞每个响应,而是等待组合结果,如:
WebClient client = WebClient.create("http://www.kailing.pub"); Mono<String> result1Mono = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 255) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); Mono<String> result2Mono = client .get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 254) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class); Map<String,String> map = Mono.zip(result1Mono, result2Mono, (result1, result2) -> { Map<String, String> arrayList = new HashMap<>(); arrayList.put("result1", result1); arrayList.put("result2", result2); return arrayList; }).block(); System.err.println(map.toString());
可以通过设置filter拦截器,统一修改拦截请求,比如认证的场景,如下示例,filter注册单个拦截器,filters可以注册多个拦截器,basicAuthentication是系统内置的用于basicAuth的拦截器,limitResponseSize是系统内置用于限制响值byte大小的拦截器
WebClient.builder() .baseUrl("http://www.kailing.pub") .filter((request, next) -> { ClientRequest filtered = ClientRequest.from(request) .header("foo", "bar") .build(); return next.exchange(filtered); }) .filters(filters ->{ filters.add(ExchangeFilterFunctions.basicAuthentication("username","password")); filters.add(ExchangeFilterFunctions.limitResponseSize(800)); }) .build().get() .uri("/article/index/arcid/{id}.html", 254) .retrieve() .bodyToMono(String.class) .subscribe(System.err::println);
WebClient不支持websocket请求,请求websocket接口时需要使用WebSocketClient,如:
WebSocketClient client = new ReactorNettyWebSocketClient(); URI url = new URI("ws://localhost:8080/path"); client.execute(url, session -> session.receive() .doOnNext(System.out::println) .then());
我们已经在业务api网关、短信平台等多个项目中使用WebClient,从网关的流量和稳定足以可见WebClient的性能和稳定性。响应式编程模型是未来的web编程趋势,RestTemplate会逐步被取缔淘汰,并且官方已经不在更新和维护。WebClient很好的支持了响应式模型,而且api设计友好,是博主力荐新的HttpClient库。赶紧试试吧。