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java 字典

数据结构总览

java 字典

Map

Map 描述的是一种映射关系，一个 key 对应一个 value，可以添加，删除，修改和获取 key/value，util 提供了多种 Map

HashMap : hash 表实现的 map，插入删除查找性能都是 O(1)，key 没有顺序
TreeMap : 红黑树实现的 map，插入删除查找都是 O(lgn)，key 按从大到小顺序排列
Hashtable : hash 实现，线程安全，key 和 value 都不能为空，key 没有顺序
LinkedHashMap : hash + 链表实现，按插入顺序排序
IdentityHashMap : 判断 key 相等的条件是，两个引用指向同一个对象，即 key == e.key
WeakHashMap : 弱引用 map，不会获取数据的强引用，当数据被 GC 清理时，数据将被删除

Map 的主要接口如下:

isEmpty : 判断是否没有元素
size : 获取元素个数
get : 获取指定 key 的 value
getOrDefault : 获取指定 key 的 value，如果没有 key，返回默认值
containsKey : 判断字典是否包含 key
containsValue : 判断字典是否包含 value
keySet : key 的集合
values : value 的集合
entrySet : 包含 key/value 的集合，主要用于遍历
put : 添加一个 key/value
putIfAbsent : key 不存在才添加，如果 key 存在，返回 value，如果 key 不存在，返回 null
putAll : 合并 map，不存在的 key 添加，已存在的 key 覆盖
remove(key) : 删除，返回老 value
remove(key, val) : 存在 map[key] = val 才删除，返回是否有元素删除
replace(key, newVal) : 替换，返回老 value
replace(key, val, newVal : 存在 map[key] = val 才替换，返回是否有元素替换
repalceAll : 对所有的 key/value 执行 BiFounction 替换原来的 value
compute : 所选的 key/oldValue 执行 BiFounction 替换原来的 value；如果 key 不存在，则 oldValue 为 null
computeIfPresent : key 存在才执行 BiFounction 替换原来的 value
computeIfAbsent : key 不存在才对 key 执行 Founction 作为 value 插入
merge : 用 oldValue 和 newValue 执行 BiFounction 替换原来的 value；如果 key 不存在，则 oldValue 为 null

{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    ));
    assertEquals(map.size(), 4);
    assertFalse(map.isEmpty());
    assertTrue(map.containsKey("key3"));
    assertTrue(map.containsValue("val3"));

    assertEquals(map.get("key3"), "val3");
    assertEquals(map.get("key6"), null);
    assertEquals(map.getOrDefault("key3", "defaultValue"), "val3");
    assertEquals(map.getOrDefault("key6", "defaultValue"), "defaultValue");

    assertThat(map.keySet(), equalTo(Set.of("key0", "key1", "key2", "key3")));
    assertThat(map.values(), hasItems("val0", "val1", "val2", "val3"));

    for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {
        System.out.println(entry.getKey() + " => " + entry.getValue());
    }
    map.forEach((k, v) -> System.out.println(k + " => " + v));

    map.clear();
    assertTrue(map.isEmpty());
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>();
    map.put("key0", "val0");
    map.putAll(Map.of("key1", "val1", "key2", "val2"));
    assertEquals(map.putIfAbsent("key3", "val3"), null);
    assertEquals(map.putIfAbsent("key3", "val33"), "val3");
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    )));
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    ));
    assertEquals(map.remove("errorKey"), null);
    assertEquals(map.remove("key0"), "val0");
    assertFalse(map.remove("key1", "errorValue"));
    assertTrue(map.remove("key1", "val1"));
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    )));
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    ));
    assertEquals(map.replace("errorKey", "replaceValue"), null);
    assertEquals(map.replace("key0", "replaceValue"), "val0");
    assertFalse(map.replace("key1", "errorValue", "replaceValue"));
    assertTrue(map.replace("key1", "val1", "replaceValue"));
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key0", "replaceValue", "key1", "replaceValue", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    )));
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "val3"
    ));
    map.replaceAll((k, v) -> k + v);
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key0", "key0val0", "key1", "key1val1", "key2", "key2val2", "key3", "key3val3"
    )));
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2"
    ));
    assertEquals(map.compute("key0", (k, v) -> k + v), "key0val0");
    assertEquals(map.computeIfPresent("key1", (k, v) -> k + v), "key1val1");
    assertEquals(map.computeIfPresent("key6", (k, v) -> k + v), null);
    assertEquals(map.computeIfAbsent("key2", k -> k + k.replace("key", "val")), "val2");
    assertEquals(map.computeIfAbsent("key3", k -> k + k.replace("key", "val")), "key3val3");
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key0", "key0val0", "key1", "key1val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "key3val3"
    )));
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new HashMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2"
    ));
    assertEquals(map.merge("key0", "newVal", (oldValue, newValue) -> (oldValue + "->" + newValue)), "val0->newVal");
    assertEquals(map.merge("key3", "newVal", (oldValue, newValue) -> (oldValue + "->" + newValue)), "newVal");
    assertThat(map, equalTo(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0->newVal", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2", "key3", "newVal"
    )));
}

Hashtable

Hashtable 的 key/value 都不允许为空

{
    Map<Integer, Integer> map = new HashMap<>();
    assertDoesNotThrow(() -> map.put(null, 1));
    assertDoesNotThrow(() -> map.put(1, null));
}
{
    Map<Integer, Integer> map = new Hashtable();
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> map.put(null, 1));
    assertThrows(NullPointerException.class, () -> map.put(1, null));
}

IdentityHashMap

IdentityHashMap 判断相等的条件是 key 和 entry.key 是否为同一个引用对象

Map<String, String> map = new IdentityHashMap<>();
String key1 = new String("key1");
map.put(key1, "val1");
assertFalse(key1 == "key1");
assertTrue(key1.equals("key1"));
assertEquals(map.get(key1), "val1");
assertEquals(map.get("key1"), null);

WeakHashMap

WeakHashMap 的 key 为弱引用，当原对象被 GC 回收时，这个 key 也会被自动删除

{
    Map<String, String> map = new WeakHashMap<>();
    String key1 = new String("key1");
    map.put(key1, "val1");
    assertEquals(map.get("key1"), "val1");
    key1 = null;
    System.gc();
    assertEquals(map.get("key1"), null);
}
{
    Map<String, String> map = new WeakHashMap<>();
    String val1 = new String("val1");
    map.put("key1", val1);
    assertEquals(map.get("key1"), "val1");
    val1 = null;
    System.gc();
    assertEquals(map.get("key1"), "val1");
}

SortedMap

SortedMap 继承自 Map ，key 是有序的，提供了顺序相关的几个接口

firstKey
lastKey
headMap
tailMap
subMap

SortedMap<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(
        "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2",
        "key3", "val3", "key4", "val4"
));

assertEquals(map.firstKey(), "key0");
assertEquals(map.lastKey(), "key4");
assertThat(map.headMap("key2").keySet(), equalTo(Set.of("key0", "key1")));
assertThat(map.tailMap("key3").keySet(), equalTo(Set.of("key3", "key4")));
assertThat(map.subMap("key2", "key3").keySet(), equalTo(Set.of("key2")));

NavigableMap 继承自 SortedMap ，提供了如下几个接口

lowerKey
higherKey
floorKey
ceilingKey
lowerEntry
higherEntry
floorEntry
ceilingEntry
pollFirstEntry
pollLastEntry
headSet
tailSet
subSet

{
    NavigableMap<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2",
            "key3", "val3", "key4", "val4"
    ));

    assertEquals(map.lowerKey("key3"), "key2");
    assertEquals(map.higherKey("key3"), "key4");
    assertEquals(map.floorKey("key3"), "key3");
    assertEquals(map.ceilingKey("key3"), "key3");
    assertEquals(map.lowerEntry("key3").getKey(), "key2");
    assertEquals(map.higherEntry("key3").getKey(), "key4");
    assertEquals(map.floorEntry("key3").getKey(), "key3");
    assertEquals(map.ceilingEntry("key3").getKey(), "key3");
    map.remove("key3");
    assertEquals(map.floorKey("key3"), "key2");
    assertEquals(map.ceilingKey("key3"), "key4");
    assertEquals(map.floorEntry("key3").getKey(), "key2");
    assertEquals(map.ceilingEntry("key3").getKey(), "key4");
}
{
    NavigableMap<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2",
            "key3", "val3", "key4", "val4"
    ));

    assertEquals(map.pollFirstEntry().getKey(), "key0");
    assertArrayEquals(map.keySet().toArray(), new String[]{"key1", "key2", "key3", "key4"});
    assertEquals(map.pollLastEntry().getKey(), "key4");
    assertArrayEquals(map.keySet().toArray(), new String[]{"key1", "key2", "key3"});
}
{
    NavigableMap<String, String> map = new TreeMap<>(Map.of(
            "key0", "val0", "key1", "val1", "key2", "val2",
            "key3", "val3", "key4", "val4"
    ));

    assertArrayEquals(map.headMap("key2", true).keySet().toArray(), new String[]{"key0", "key1", "key2"});
    assertArrayEquals(map.tailMap("key3", false).keySet().toArray(), new String[]{"key4"});
    assertArrayEquals(map.subMap("key2", false, "key3", true).keySet().toArray(), new String[]{"key3"});
}