Android Architecture Components 是谷歌在Google I/O 2017发布一套帮助开发者解决Android 架构设计的方案。里面包含了两大块内容:
官方给予 Google 组件的功能:A collection of libraries that help you design robust, testable, and maintainable apps. Start with classes for managing your UI component lifecycle and handling data persistence。
使用Google 提供的处理数据持久化和管理组件生命周期的类,有助于应用开发者们构建更加鲁棒性,可测的,稳定可靠的应用。
提供主要的组件有:
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在项目根目录 build.gradle 文件添加仓库依赖:
allprojects { repositories { jcenter() google() } }
如果遇到如下因 gradle 版本导致的编译失败问题:
Error:(6, 1) A problem occurred evaluating root project 'TestArc'.> Could not find method google() for arguments [] on repository container;
可修改为:
maven { url 'https://maven.google.com' }
然后在主 module 的 build.gradle 文件添加需要依赖的组件:
dependencies { compile fileTree(dir: 'libs', include: ['*.jar']) androidTestCompile('com.android.support.test.espresso:espresso-core:2.2.2', { exclude group: 'com.android.support', module: 'support-annotations' }) compile 'com.android.support:appcompat-v7:26.+' def lifecycle_version = "1.1.1" // ViewModel and LiveData compile "android.arch.lifecycle:extensions:$lifecycle_version" // alternatively - just ViewModel compile "android.arch.lifecycle:viewmodel:$lifecycle_version" // use -ktx for Kotlin // alternatively - just LiveData compile "android.arch.lifecycle:livedata:$lifecycle_version" // alternatively - Lifecycles only (no ViewModel or LiveData). // Support library depends on this lightweight import compile "android.arch.lifecycle:runtime:$lifecycle_version" annotationProcessor "android.arch.lifecycle:compiler:$lifecycle_version" // alternately - if using Java8, use the following instead of compiler compile "android.arch.lifecycle:common-java8:$lifecycle_version" // optional - ReactiveStreams support for LiveData compile "android.arch.lifecycle:reactivestreams:$lifecycle_version" // optional - Test helpers for LiveData // compile "android.arch.core:core-testing:$lifecycle_version" compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:retrofit:2.1.0' compile 'com.squareup.retrofit2:converter-gson:2.1.0' compile 'com.facebook.stetho:stetho:1.3.1' // room compile 'android.arch.persistence.room:runtime:1.1.0' annotationProcessor 'android.arch.persistence.room:compiler:1.1.0' compile "android.arch.persistence.room:rxjava2:1.1.0" }
Lifecycle 组件指的是 android.arch.lifecycle 包下提供的各种类与接口,可以让开发者构建能感知其他组件(主要指Activity 、Fragment)生命周期(lifecycle-aware)的类。
比如我们需要监听某个 Activity 生命周期的变化,在生命周期改变的时候打印日志,一般做法构造回调的方式,先定义基础 BaseActivityPresenter 接口:
public interface BaseActivityPresenter extends BasePresenter{ void onCreate(); void onStart(); void onResume(); void onPause(); void onStop(); void onDestroy(); }
在实现类中增加自定义操作(打印日志):
public class ActivityPresenter implements BaseActivityPresenter { private static String TAG = ActivityPresenter.class.getSimpleName(); @Override public void onCreate() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()"); } @Override public void onStart() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()"); } @Override public void onResume() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()"); } @Override public void onPause() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()"); } @Override public void onStop() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()"); } @Override public void onDestroy() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()"); } }
然后在需要监听的 Activity 中依次回调方法:
@Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_main); mBasePresenter = new ActivityPresenter(); } @Override protected void onStart() { super.onStart(); mBasePresenter.onStart(); } @Override protected void onResume() { super.onResume(); mBasePresenter.onResume(); } @Override protected void onPause() { super.onPause(); mBasePresenter.onPause(); } @Override protected void onStop() { super.onStop(); mBasePresenter.onStop(); } @Override protected void onDestroy() { super.onDestroy(); mBasePresenter.onDestroy(); }
在 Activity 的 onCreate() 方法中创建 BasePresenter,监听 Activity 的生命周期方法。
上述写可以实现基础的功能,但是不够灵活,假如除了 ActivityPresenter 类,还有别的类要监听 Activity 生命周期变化,那也需要添加许多生命周期的回调方法,比较繁琐。那我们是否可以当 Activity 生命周期发生变化的时候主动通知需求方呢?答案就是使用 Lifecycle 提供的 LifecycleObserver:
public class ActivityLifeObserver implements BaseActivityPresenter, LifecycleObserver { private String TAG = ActivityLifeObserver.class.getSimpleName(); @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_CREATE) @Override public void onCreate() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate()"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_START) @Override public void onStart() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStart()"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_RESUME) @Override public void onResume() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onResume()"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_PAUSE) @Override public void onPause() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onPause()"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_STOP) @Override public void onStop() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onStop()"); } @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.ON_DESTROY) @Override public void onDestroy() { LogUtil.i(TAG, "onDestroy()"); } }
让我们的业务类实现 ActivityLifeObserver 接口,同时在每一个方法实现上增加 @OnLifecycleEvent(Lifecycle.Event.XXXX)注解,OnLifecycleEvent 对应了 Activity 的生命周期方法。被监听的 Actiivty 实现 LifecycleOwner 接口,然后在需要监听的 Activity 中注册:
public class DetailActivity extends AppCompatActivity implements LifecycleOwner{ private static String TAG = DetailActivity.class.getSimpleName(); private LifecycleRegistry mLifecycleRegistry; @Override protected void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) { super.onCreate(savedInstanceState); setContentView(R.layout.activity_detail); mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this); // 注册需要监听的 Observer mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new ActivityLifeObserver()); mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver()); } @Override public Lifecycle getLifecycle() { return mLifecycleRegistry; } }
运行如下:
com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onCreate() com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStart() com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onResume() com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onPause() com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onStop() com.troy.androidrc I/ActivityLifeObserver: onDestroy()
其中 Lifecycle 使用两个主要的枚举类来表示其所关联组件的生命周期:
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LifecycleRegistry 类用于注册和反注册需要观察当前组件生命周期的 Observer,用法如下:
// 初始化 mLifecycleRegistry = new LifecycleRegistry(this); mActivityLifeObserver = new ActivityLifeObserver(); // 注册观察者 mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(mActivityLifeObserver); mLifecycleRegistry.addObserver(new LocationLifeObserver()); // 移除观察者 mLifecycleRegistry.removeObserver(mActivityLifeObserver);
LiveData 是一种持有可被观察数据的类(an observable data holder class)。和其他可被观察的类不同的是,LiveData是有生命周期感知能力的(lifecycle-aware,),这意味着它可以在 activities, fragments, 或者 services 生命周期是活跃状态时更新这些组件。
ViewModel 与 LiveData 之间的关系图如下:
在 Activity 页面有一 TextView,需要展示用户 User 的信息,User 类定义:
public class User { public String userId; public String name; public String phone; @Override public String toString() { return "User{" + "userId='" + userId + '/'' + ", name='" + name + '/'' + ", phone='" + phone + '/'' + '}'; } }
常规的做法:
// 获取 User 的数据后 mTvUser.setText(user.toString());
这样做的一个问题,如果获取或者修改 User 的来源不止一处,那么需要在多个地方更新 TextView,并且如果在多处 UI 用到了 User,那么也需要在多处更新。
使用 LiveData 与 ViewModel 的组合,将LiveData 持有 User 实体,作为一个被观察者,当 User 改变时,所有使用 User 的地方自动 change。构建一个 UserViewModel 如下:
public class UserViewModel extends ViewModel implements BaseViewModel<User> { private String TAG = UserViewModel.class.getSimpleName(); private MutableLiveData<User> liveUser; public MutableLiveData<User> getData(){ if(liveUser == null){ liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>(); } liveUser.setValue(loadData()); return this.liveUser; } public void changeData(){ if(liveUser != null){ liveUser.setValue(loadData()); } } @Override public User loadData() { User user = new User(); user.userId = RandomUtil.getRandomNumber(); user.name = RandomUtil.getChineseName(); user.phone = RandomUtil.getRandomPhone(); LogUtil.i(TAG, "loadData(): " + user.toString()); return user; } @Override public void clearData() { } }
自定义的UserViewModel 继承系统的 ViewModel,将 User 封装成 MutableLiveData:
if(liveUser == null){ liveUser = new MutableLiveData<User>(); }
在使用User 的地方增加观察:
// view model.observe mUserViewModel = ViewModelProviders.of(this).get(UserViewModel.class); mUserViewModel.getData().observe(this, new Observer<User>() { @Override public void onChanged(@Nullable User user) { if(user != null){ mTvUser.setText(user.toString()); } } });
数据源发送改变的时候:
// 改变 User 内容 mButtonUser.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() { @Override public void onClick(View v) { if(mUserViewModel != null && mUserViewModel.getData() != null){ mUserViewModel.changeData(); } } }); // setValue public void changeData(){ if(liveUser != null){ liveUser.setValue(loadData()); } }
这样使用到 User 的地方,UI 会自动更新,日志如下:
com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity: User{userId='9372622', name='邓楠', phone='15607043749'} com.troy.androidrc I/DetailActivity: User{userId='6099877', name='文瑾慧', phone='13005794027'}
Room 持久层库提供了一个方便我们访问 SQLite 数据库的抽象层(an abstraction layer ),帮助我们更好的在 APP 上创建我们的数据缓存,能够让 APP 即使在没有网络的情况也能正常使用。
Room 的架构如下:
创建包含订单表的数据库如下步骤:
1、创建 Order.java:
@Entity(tableName = "orders") public class Order { @PrimaryKey @ColumnInfo(name = "order_id") public long orderId; @ColumnInfo(name = "address") public String address; @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_name") public String ownerName; @ColumnInfo(name = "owner_phone") public String ownerPhone; // 指示 Room 需要忽略的字段或方法 @Ignore public String ignoreText; @Embedded public OwnerAddress ownerAddress; }
2、创建 OrderDao:
@Dao public interface OrderDao { @Query("SELECT * FROM orders") List<Order> loadAllOrders(); @Insert void insertAll(Order... orders); @Query("SELECT * FROM orders WHERE order_id IN (:orderIds)") List<Order> queryOrderById(long[] orderIds); @Delete void deleteOrder(Order... orders); @Update void updateOrder(Order... orders); }
3、创建数据库
@Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2) public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{ public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao(); } // 实现类 public static void buildDb(){ DB_INSTANCE = Room. databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db") // 指定数据库名称 .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() { @Override public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) { super.onCreate(db); // 数据库创建回调; LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate"); } @Override public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) { super.onOpen(db); // 数据库使用回调; LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen"); } }) .allowMainThreadQueries() // 数据库操作可运行在主线程 .build(); }
使用到的主要注解:
增:
@Database(entities = {Order.class, AddressInfo.class}, version = 2) public abstract class AppDatabase extends RoomDatabase{ public abstract OrderDao getOrderDao(); } // 实现类 public static void buildDb(){ DB_INSTANCE = Room. databaseBuilder(TroyApplication.getInstance(), AppDatabase.class, "troy_db") // 指定数据库名称 .addCallback(new RoomDatabase.Callback() { @Override public void onCreate(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) { super.onCreate(db); // 数据库创建回调; LogUtil.i(TAG, "onCreate"); } @Override public void onOpen(@NonNull SupportSQLiteDatabase db) { super.onOpen(db); // 数据库使用回调; LogUtil.i(TAG, "onOpen"); } }) .allowMainThreadQueries() // 数据库操作可运行在主线程 .build(); }
删:
// 1、删除接口声明 @Delete void deleteOrder(Order... orders); // 2、删除接口实现 @Override public void deleteOrder(Order... orders) { __db.beginTransaction(); try { __deletionAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders); __db.setTransactionSuccessful(); } finally { __db.endTransaction(); } } // 3、删除接口调用 AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance(); OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao(); orderDao.deleteOrder(orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1));
改:
// 1、修改接口声明 @Update void updateOrder(Order... orders); // 2、修改接口实现 @Override public void updateOrder(Order... orders) { __db.beginTransaction(); try { __updateAdapterOfOrder.handleMultiple(orders); __db.setTransactionSuccessful(); } finally { __db.endTransaction(); } } // 3、修改接口调用 AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance(); OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao(); Order order = orderList.get(orderList.size() - 1); order.ownerName = "update - " + RandomUtil.getChineseName(); orderDao.updateOrder(order);
查:
// 1、查询接口声明 @Query("SELECT * FROM orders") List<Order> loadAllOrders(); // 2、查询接口实现 @Override public List<Order> loadAllOrders() { final String _sql = "SELECT * FROM orders"; final RoomSQLiteQuery _statement = RoomSQLiteQuery.acquire(_sql, 0); final Cursor _cursor = __db.query(_statement); try { final int _cursorIndexOfOrderId = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("order_id"); final int _cursorIndexOfAddress = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("address"); final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerName = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_name"); final int _cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("owner_phone"); final int _cursorIndexOfStreet = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("street"); final int _cursorIndexOfState = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("state"); final int _cursorIndexOfCity = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("city"); final int _cursorIndexOfPostCode = _cursor.getColumnIndexOrThrow("post_code"); final List<Order> _result = new ArrayList<Order>(_cursor.getCount()); while(_cursor.moveToNext()) { final Order _item; final Order.OwnerAddress _tmpOwnerAddress; if (! (_cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfStreet) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfState) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfCity) && _cursor.isNull(_cursorIndexOfPostCode))) { _tmpOwnerAddress = new Order.OwnerAddress(); _tmpOwnerAddress.street = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfStreet); _tmpOwnerAddress.state = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfState); _tmpOwnerAddress.city = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfCity); _tmpOwnerAddress.postCode = _cursor.getInt(_cursorIndexOfPostCode); } else { _tmpOwnerAddress = null; } _item = new Order(); _item.orderId = _cursor.getLong(_cursorIndexOfOrderId); _item.address = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfAddress); _item.ownerName = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerName); _item.ownerPhone = _cursor.getString(_cursorIndexOfOwnerPhone); _item.ownerAddress = _tmpOwnerAddress; _result.add(_item); } return _result; } finally { _cursor.close(); _statement.release(); } } // 3、查询接口调用 AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance(); OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao(); return orderDao.loadAllOrders();
如果实体 Order 内部包含地址信息,地址信息分别包含 城市,邮政等信息,可以这样写,使用@Embedded 注解:
static class OwnerAddress { public String street; public String state; public String city; @ColumnInfo(name = "post_code") public int postCode; } @Embedded public OwnerAddress ownerAddress;
数据查询可以返回 LiveData 数据:
@Query("SELECT * FROM orders") LiveData<List<Order>> loadAllOrderData();
通过 query 查询返回的实体,可以封装成 对应RxJava 的操作符封装对象,例如 Flowable,Maybe 等:
// 接口声明 @Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1") Flowable<Order> queryOrderByIdV2(long id); @Query("SELECT * from orders where order_id = :id LIMIT 1") Maybe<Order> queryOrderByIdV3(long id); // 接口调用 private Maybe<Order> queryOrderV3(){ AppDatabase db = DbManager.getDbInstance(); OrderDao orderDao = db.getOrderDao(); return orderDao.queryOrderByIdV3(10001); } Maybe<Order> orderMaybe = queryOrderV3(); orderMaybe.subscribeOn(Schedulers.io()) .observeOn(Schedulers.newThread()) .subscribe(new Consumer<Order>() { @Override public void accept(@NonNull Order order) throws Exception { } });
以上代码Demo 实现:
学会使用 Android Architecture Components 提供的组件简化我们的开发,能够使我们开发的应用模块更解耦更稳定,视图与数据持久层分离,以及更好的扩展性与灵活性。
原作者:Boy·哈利波特